{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:31:09Z","timestamp":1789194669292,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556755200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma is a progressive, chronic optic neuropathy characterized by a typical visual field defects. Four main classes of topical medication are actually available on the market: beta-blockers, prostaglandins, alpha2-agonists, and topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor to treat intraocular pressure (IOP). The aim of this review is to outline the efficacy of timolol and to evaluate the impact of this treatment on patients\u2019 quality of life. Among beta-blockers, timolol is most used at three different concentrations: 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%. While the first one is a gel, the other two products are solution. Timolol has few topical side effects, while it has some important systemic side effects on the cardiac and respiratory systems. The balance between efficacy and safety is always the main aspect to care patients. Because of the less efficacy of timolol 0.1% solution, the possibility to use carbomers as vehicle in the gel drops helped timolol 0.1 to be used in clinics, extending the time contact between the active ingredient and the surface of the cornea. Using preservative-free timolol 0.1 for treatment, IOP was at the same level of the other beta-blockers at higher concentration, but it was better tolerated. Preservative-free treatment improved the quality of life reducing dry-eye like symptoms; furthermore, the presence of an artificial tear in the medication bottle could help adherence. The once daily dosing improves compliance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4146124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T19:34:32Z","timestamp":1556825672000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Timolol 0.1% in Glaucomatous Patients: Efficacy, Tolerance, and Quality of Life"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"given":"Letizia","family":"Negri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical-Clinical Laboratory for Functional Diagnosis and Treatment of Glaucoma and Neuro-ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2914-2593","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ferreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, IIS-Aragon, Miguel Servet University Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0524-2637","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michele","family":"Iester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical-Clinical Laboratory for Functional Diagnosis and Treatment of Glaucoma and Neuro-ophthalmology, Eye Clinic, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","year":"1968"},{"key":"2","year":"1989"},{"key":"3","year":"1987"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0181-5512(04)96302-4"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1996.0040"},{"issue":"13","key":"6","first-page":"3145","volume":"32","year":"1991","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0181-5512(04)96300-0"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.18905"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0181-5512(04)96303-6"},{"key":"10","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Diagnosis of glaucoma","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"11","first-page":"518","volume":"23","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal Fran\u00e7ais d\u2019Ophtalmologie"},{"issue":"8","key":"12","first-page":"903","volume":"22","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal Fran\u00e7ais d\u2019Ophtalmologie"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1015813225804"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.10.1131"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00413.x"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1050750"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01204617"},{"issue":"6","key":"18","first-page":"2809","volume":"35","year":"1994","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"19","first-page":"32","volume":"10","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chibret International Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"20","first-page":"S1490","volume":"34","year":"1993","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02539412"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000067548"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2012.04.015","volume":"36","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal Fran\u00e7ais d\u2019Ophtalmologie"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270011420254"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809603000109"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200059030-00003"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270011420254","volume":"52","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(78)90006-5"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.78.12.899"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.01.042"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000310682"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.080424"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03162804"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03162911"},{"key":"35","first-page":"544","volume":"5","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophta"},{"issue":"13","key":"36","first-page":"4367","volume":"43","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"37","first-page":"177","volume":"2","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Glaucoma"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-002-0462-2"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00561948"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(02)01699-9"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15569529009036318"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2011.03.012"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00562.x"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2012.04.015"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700035"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(01)01257-0"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(01)00974-6"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ijg.0000000000000170"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000292"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000472"},{"key":"51","first-page":"1131","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Ophthalmology"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365510601034736"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(14)70432-5"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00942785"},{"issue":"3","key":"55","first-page":"233","volume":"26","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surgery"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(00)00635-8"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.61.8.531"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2001.079002116.x"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700036"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000220776.93852.d9"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eop.10.24"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(92)31847-0"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.7.583"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(99)90116-1"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.4.418"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210801800314"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090230060021"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00061198-200312000-00007"},{"key":"69","first-page":"333","volume":"67","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000417219","volume":"19","year":"1989","journal-title":"Developments in Ophthalmology"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210701700311"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1331"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-003-0777-7"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.27.4.253.16603"},{"issue":"8","key":"75","first-page":"777","volume":"25","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal Fran\u00e7ais d\u2019Ophtalmologie"},{"issue":"9","key":"76","first-page":"950","volume":"22","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal Fran\u00e7ais d\u2019Ophtalmologie"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000357100"},{"key":"78","first-page":"619","volume":"40","year":"1999","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15569528709052168"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/icu.0b013e328089f1c8"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.08.028"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000116526.57227.82"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.all.0000183112.86181.9e"},{"issue":"8","key":"84","first-page":"782","volume":"26","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal Fran\u00e7ais d\u2019Ophtalmologie"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12261"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.11.053"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.10.019"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3886"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.155820"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040020871007"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.131722"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aci.0b013e32830e6b04"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.6.1.45"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.8.983"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2013.0216"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/joph\/2019\/4146124.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/joph\/2019\/4146124.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/joph\/2019\/4146124.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T19:34:38Z","timestamp":1556825678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/joph\/2019\/4146124\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["4146124","4146124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/4146124","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-004X","2090-0058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-004X","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]}}}