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The presence of immunosuppressive factors in the early stages of the disease is also strongly linked to CeCa progression. In this context, it is unknown whether ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73, which are involved in the production of adenosine (Ado) that suppresses the specific antitumor immune response, are present in precursor lesions of CeCa. In this pilot study, we analyzed the presence of CD39 and CD73 and their capacity to generate Ado in 25 cervical samples from patients with grade 1 cervical intraepithelial neoplasms (CIN-1) and 25 samples from normal donors (NDs) free of HPV infection. Cells obtained from cervical samples of CIN-1 patients positive for HPV-16 showed higher CD39 and CD73 contents compared to samples obtained from CIN-1 patients negative for HPV-16 and NDs. Interestingly, solubilized cervical mucus from these patients also showed higher contents of soluble CD39 and CD73, which were associated with a greater capacity to produce Ado from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). In addition, serum samples of these patients showed higher levels of TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    than those of CIN-1 patients negative for HPV-16 and ND. These results suggest that persistent infection with HR-HPV, mostly HPV-16, in CIN-1 patients may promote the expression of CD39 and CD73 through the production of TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    in precursor lesions to generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment and allow its progression to CeCa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4651627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T19:43:53Z","timestamp":1557258233000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["HPV-16 Infection Is Associated with a High Content of CD39 and CD73 Ectonucleotidases in Cervical Samples from Patients with CIN-1"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"de Lourdes Mora-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunobiolog\u00eda, UIDCC-UMIEZ, FES-Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, 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