{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:19:28Z","timestamp":1784546368123,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556582400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Bialymstoku","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/ST\/ZB\/18\/002\/1206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/ST\/ZB\/18\/002\/1206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Adolescence is a difficult period for young people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), both in psychological and clinical terms. Empowerment therapy may support these patients, provided they are ready to change and have adequate executive functions to facilitate this change. Therefore, we hypothesise that the readiness of adolescents with T1DM to change is related to clinical features and\/or their executive functions.<jats:italic> Methods<\/jats:italic>. Using the Diabetes Empowerment Scale and the Behavioural Rating Inventory of Executive Function, we evaluated patients with T1DM duration of more than one year from three Polish diabetes centres of the PolPeDiab study group (N = 146). We related the data to features associated with disease and treatment and compared the results to those of adolescents without diabetes (N = 110).<jats:italic> Results<\/jats:italic>. We observed that adolescents with T1DM had a higher rate of abnormal results in executive function tests than their peers without diabetes (p &gt; 0.05). Diabetes empowerment in this group of patients decreased with disease duration (r = -0.25, p = 0.006) and increased with deteriorating metabolic control (HbA1c; r = 0.25, p = 0.006). The greater the deficiencies in executive functions among adolescents with T1DM, the greater their readiness to change. The relationship between executive functions and diabetes empowerment is partially gender-differentiated.<jats:italic> Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. To conclude, we propose individualized diabetes education in this group of patients based on the assessment of readiness to change and executive functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5184682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T19:37:34Z","timestamp":1556653054000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Empowerment of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Is Associated with Their Executive Functions"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5437-7119","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"W\u0142odzimierz","family":"\u0141uczy\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Bia\u0142ystok 15-274 Waszyngtona 24, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"\u0141azarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Bia\u0142ystok 15-274 Waszyngtona 24, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Szlachcikowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Section of the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Bia\u0142ystok 15-274 Waszyngtona 24, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u017baneta","family":"Kiernozek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Section of the Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Bia\u0142ystok 15-274 Waszyngtona 24, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 91-738 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Sporna 36\/50, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliwia","family":"Szylaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetology, Silesian Medical University of Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Medyk\u00f3w 16, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szadkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 91-738 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Sporna 36\/50, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142awa","family":"Jarosz-Chobot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetology, Silesian Medical University of Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Medyk\u00f3w 16, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"G\u0142owi\u0144ska-Olszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Bia\u0142ystok 15-274 Waszyngtona 24, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6316-5342","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Artur","family":"Bossowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Bia\u0142ystok 15-274 Waszyngtona 24, 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