{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T11:44:24Z","timestamp":1793187864231,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560988800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009157","name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004532","name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004532","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001866","name":"National Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of Human Herpes Virus type 8 (HHV-8), Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis is high in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies on HHV-8 in Kenya are few and data on its coinfection with HIV and syphilis scanty. This cross-sectional study among female sex workers (FSWs) in Malindi, Kenya, aimed to determine the prevalence of HHV-8, HIV, and syphilis mono\/coinfections and identify associated risk factors. A total of 268 FSWs consented and were administered a structured questionnaire and screened for antibodies against HHV-8, HIV, and syphilis following the National Guidelines. FSWs positive for HHV-8 were 67\/268 (25%), HIV 44\/268 (16.4%), and 6\/268 (2.24%) for syphilis. Eight out of 67 (12%) tested positive for HHV-8\/HIV and 2\/67 (3%) for HHV-8\/syphilis coinfections. Married FSWs had higher odds of HHV-8 infection (OR 2.90, 95%, and<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>=0.043). Single marital status was inversely associated (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.23-0.94, and<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>=0.034) with HIV infection. HIV was associated with increasing age (OR 14.79,<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001), inconsistent condom use (OR 2.69,<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>=0.004), increased duration as sex worker \u22656 (OR 3.0,<jats:italic> P=<\/jats:italic>0.002) and clients \u22654 (OR 4.0,<jats:italic> P&lt;<\/jats:italic>0.001), intravenous drug use (OR 2.5,<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>=0.043), and early sex debut (<jats:italic>P=<\/jats:italic>0.049) unlike HHV-8 which was not associated with high risk sexual behavior. HHV-8\/HIV coinfection was associated with increasing age (OR 11.21,<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>=0.027). Infection by HHV-8 was not significantly associated with HIV (OR 0.62;<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>=0.257) or syphilis (OR 1.52;<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>=0.636). There was a high likelihood of infection with HHV-8 compared to HIV (OR 8.6,<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>=0.014) and syphilis (OR 14.6,<jats:italic> P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001). The lack of association of HHV-8 with high risk sexual behavior suggests that sexual transmission may not play a significant role in transmission of HHV-8 among FSWs in Malindi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5345161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T19:31:39Z","timestamp":1561059099000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors of Human Herpes Virus Type 8 (HHV-8), Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1), and Syphilis among Female Sex Workers in Malindi, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5772-1579","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. M.","family":"Nzivo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"Lwembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. O.","family":"Odari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Kang\u2019ethe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Care Centre for HIV, Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. L. M.","family":"Budambula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v6124800"},{"key":"2","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiology and Biological Sciences"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v6114178"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23941"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200212060-00014"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702007000100004"},{"key":"7","first-page":"519","volume":"22","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-58"},{"key":"9","first-page":"710","volume":"125","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chinese Medical 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