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disease (DKD). However, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of DKD in this population. The goal of the current study was to determine the association between specific inflammation markers and kidney injury in diabetic African American men. To this end, we recruited diabetic patients either with (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>20<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) or without (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>87<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) diagnosed kidney disease along with age-matched nondiabetic controls (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>81<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios (UACRs) and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) were used for biochemical assessment of kidney function. We then measured plasma and urinary levels of seven inflammatory markers, including adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>(TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>), TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Plasma levels of TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, TNFR1, and TNFR2 were significantly higher in diabetics with macroalbuminuria compared to nondiabetic controls and diabetics with normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria. Likewise, urinary levels of ICAM-1 were higher in diabetics with macroalbuminuria compared to the other groups. Indeed, urinary ICAM-1, plasma TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, and adiponectin had moderate positive correlations with UACR while plasma TNFR1 and TNFR2 levels were strongly correlated with kidney injury, indicated by multiple biomarkers of kidney injury. In contrast, though plasma CRP was elevated in diabetic subjects relative to nondiabetic controls, its levels did not correlate with kidney injury. Together, these data suggest that inflammation, particularly that mediated by the TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\/NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B signaling axis, may play a role in the pathogenesis of DKD in African American men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5359635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T23:32:48Z","timestamp":1549409568000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Inflammation and Kidney Injury in Diabetic African American Men"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ava","family":"Boston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, 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