{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T05:51:35Z","timestamp":1774158695820,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]],"date-time":"2019-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Network and information security are regarded as some of the most pressing problems of contemporary economy, affecting both individual citizens and entire societies, making them a highlight for homeland security. Innovative approaches to handle this challenge are undertaken by the scientific community, proposing the utilization of the emerging, advanced machine learning methods. This very paper puts forward a novel approach to the detection of cyberattacks taking inventory of the practical application of information granules. The feasibility of utilizing Granular Computing (GC) as a solution to the most current challenges in cybersecurity is researched. To the best of our knowledge, granular computing has not yet been widely examined or used for cybersecurity application purposes. The major contribution of this work is a method for constructing information granules from network data. We then report promising results on a benchmark dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5826737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]],"date-time":"2019-01-16T23:31:14Z","timestamp":1547681474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Practical Employment of Granular Computing to Complex Application Layer Cyberattack Detection"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7122-3306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Kozik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5881-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Pawlicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Chora\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Witold","family":"Pedrycz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","unstructured":"OWASP Top 10 2013 OWASP project homepage 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51043-9_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63315-2_58"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","article-title":"Machine Learning in Security Applications","volume":"8","author":"Ariu D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transactions on Machine Learning and Data Mining"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-015-0283-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","unstructured":"SCALP Project homepage http:\/\/code.google.com\/p\/apache-scalp\/ 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","unstructured":"PHPIDS Project homepage 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","unstructured":"OWASP Stinger Project homepage https:\/\/www.owasp.org\/index.php\/Category:OWASPStingerProject 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","unstructured":"SNORT Project homepage http:\/\/www.snort.org\/ 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33338-5_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30143-1_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","unstructured":"BolzoniD. EtalleS. HartelP. andZambonE. POSEIDON: A 2-tier anomaly-based network intrusion detection system Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Workshop on Information Assurance IWIA 2006 April 2006 UK 144\u2013156 2-s2.0-33750937412."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11856214_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74320-0_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25465-X_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(97)00077-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","unstructured":"BargielaA.andPedryczW. The roots of granular computing Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing 2006 806\u2013809."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-27794-1_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","unstructured":"YaoY. Y. Granular Computing 31 Proceedings of the 4th Chinese National Conference on Rough Sets 2004 1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2013.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2014.2310734"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-015-0457-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2009.2035436"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2013.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-015-0386-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-018-0783-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SunW. ZhangJ. andWangR. Predicting electrical power output by using Granular Computing based Neuro-Fuzzy modeling method Proceedings of the 27th Chinese Control and Decision Conference CCDC 2015 May 2015 China 2865\u20132870 2-s2.0-84945549680.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2015.7162415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VimithaK.andJayasreeM. Recognizing faces from surgically altered face images using granular approach Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Wireless Communications Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET) March 2017 Chennai India 463\u2013466 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WiSPNET.2017.8299799.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSPNET.2017.8299799"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-ShammaaM.andAbbodM. F. Granular computing approach for the design of medical data classification systems Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology CIBCB 2015 August 2015 Canada 1\u20137 2-s2.0-84953410759.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIBCB.2015.7300328"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41066-016-0016-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","unstructured":"LiX.andFangL. Research on economic dispatch of large power grid based on granular computing Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE PES Asia Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference APPEEC 2016 October 2016 China 1130\u20131133 2-s2.0-85009977160."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26450-9_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mc.1984.1659158"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1977.1055714"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","unstructured":"Torrano-GimnezC. Prez-VillegasA. andAlvarezG. The HTTP dataset CSIC 2010 http:\/\/users.aber.ac.uk\/pds7\/csicdataset\/csic2010http.html."}],"container-title":["Complexity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2019\/5826737.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2019\/5826737.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2019\/5826737","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T11:23:13Z","timestamp":1723029793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2019\/5826737"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"S\u00e1nchez Lasheras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2019\/5826737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/5826737","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-2787","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0526","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-10-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"5826737"}}