{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T11:56:43Z","timestamp":1791374203563,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563926400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01TW010107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01TW010107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Anemia affects 1.62 billion people worldwide. Although iron deficiency is the main cause of anemia, several other factors may explain its high prevalence. In this study, we sought to analyze the association between outdoor particulate matter PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels with anemia prevalence in children aged 6\u201359 months residing in Lima, Peru (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009139,368), one of the cities with the worst air pollution in Latin America. The study period was from 2012 to 2016. Anemia was defined according to the World Health Organization (Hb\u2009&lt;\u200911\u2009g\/dL). PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    values were estimated by a mathematical model that combined data observed from monitors, with satellite and meteorological data. PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    was analyzed by quintiles. Multiple linear and logistic regressions were used to estimate the associations between hemoglobin concentration (beta) and anemia (odds ratio) with PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    , after adjusting by covariates. Prevalence of anemia was 39.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 39.3\u201339.9). Mild anemia was observed in 30.8% of children and moderate\/severe in 8.84% of children. Anemic children compared with nonanemic children are mainly males, have low body weight, higher rate of stunting, and live in an environment with high PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentration. A slight decrease in hemoglobin (4Q B: \u22120.03, 95% CI: \u22120.05 to\n                    <jats:underline>\u2212<\/jats:underline>\n                    0.02; 5Q B: \u22120.04, 95% CI: \u22120.06 to \u22120.01) and an increase in the probability of moderate\/severe anemia (4Q OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.10\u20131.27; 5Q OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08\u20131.29) were observed with increased exposure to PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    . We conclude that outdoor PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels were significantly associated with decreased hemoglobin values and an increase in prevalence of moderate\/severe anemia in children under 5 years old.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6127845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T19:31:43Z","timestamp":1563996703000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Increased Outdoor PM\n                    <sub>2.5<\/sub>\n                    Concentration Is Associated with Moderate\/Severe Anemia in Children Aged 6\u201359 Months in Lima, Peru"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1848-3528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Valeria C.","family":"Morales-Ancajima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Reproduction Unit, Research and Development Laboratories (LID), Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5966-8978","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vilma","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Reproduction Unit, Research and Development Laboratories (LID), Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4841-3010","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bryan N.","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5477-2186","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0300-4683","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dulce E.","family":"Alarc\u00f3n-Yaquetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Reproduction Unit, Research and Development Laboratories (LID), Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Biomedical Informatics in Global Health Unit, School 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