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These networks are used interactively between different nodes and ground-based stations. Presently, UWSNs face issues and challenges regarding limited bandwidth, high propagation delay, 3D topology, media access control, routing, resource utilization, and power constraints. In the last few decades, research community provided different methodologies to overcome these issues and challenges; however, some of them are still open for research due to variable characteristics of underwater environment. In this paper, a survey of UWSN regarding underwater communication channel, environmental factors, localization, media access control, routing protocols, and effect of packet size on communication is conducted. We compared presently available methodologies and discussed their pros and cons to highlight new directions of research for further improvement in underwater sensor networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6470359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T18:32:18Z","timestamp":1546367538000},"page":"1-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":270,"title":["Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review of Recent Issues and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"given":"Khalid Mahmood","family":"Awan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internet Communication & Networks (ICNet) Research Lab, Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock 43600, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7591-1704","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peer Azmat","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internet Communication & Networks (ICNet) Research Lab, Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock 43600, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pattern Recognition, Images and Data Engineering (PRIDE) Lab, Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock 43600, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saira","family":"Gillani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of computing and informatics Saudi Electronic University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waqas","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internet Communication & Networks (ICNet) Research Lab, Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock 43600, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3082-6607","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunyoung","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s130911782"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.654"},{"key":"9","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"ICGST-CNIR Journal"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2014.2310457"},{"key":"4","year":"2005"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2012.2197271"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2011.09.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030414","volume":"16","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"45","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Systems Journal"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.2666"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.06.005"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1121776.1121779"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2010.0654"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/374028"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/joe.2013.2268273"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2013.02.001"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1005-8885(14)60268-5"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2010.08.014"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.03.690"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s120404237"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.05.013"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2010.091510.090452"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.28"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2011.11.014"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79549-0_7"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2269796"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2226877"},{"key":"59","first-page":"1","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2012.53"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/307246"},{"key":"34","year":"2009","journal-title":"OSPAR Commission. 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