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An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been linked to several conditions, including inflammation and pain processing. Therefore, new or repurposed drugs with the ability of reducing ROS-triggered responses are promising candidates for analgesic drugs. Vinpocetine is a clinically used nootropic drug with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. However, the effects of vinpocetine have not been investigated in a model with a direct relationship between ROS, inflammation, and pain. Based on that, we aimed to investigate the effects of vinpocetine in a model of superoxide anion-induced pain and inflammation using potassium superoxide (KO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) as a superoxide anion donor to trigger inflammation and pain. In the KO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> model, vinpocetine dose-dependently reduced pain-like behaviors (spontaneous pain and hyperalgesia), paw edema, and neutrophil and mononuclear cell recruitment to the paw skin (assessed by H&amp;E staining, fluorescence, and enzymatic assays) and to the peritoneal cavity. Vinpocetine also restored tissue endogenous antioxidant ability and <jats:italic>Nrf2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ho-1<\/jats:italic> mRNA expression and reduced superoxide anion production and <jats:italic>gp91<jats:sup>phox<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mRNA expression. We also observed the inhibition of I<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> degradation by vinpocetine, which demonstrates a reduction in the activation of NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B explaining the diminished production of IL-33, IL-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, and TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>. Collectively, our data show that vinpocetine alleviates pain and inflammation induced by KO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, which is a mouse model with a direct role of ROS in triggering pain and other inflammatory phenomena. Thus, the results suggest the repurposing of vinpocetine as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6481812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]],"date-time":"2019-03-31T19:31:11Z","timestamp":1554060671000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Repurposing of the Nootropic Drug Vinpocetine as an Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Agent: Evidence in a Mouse Model of Superoxide Anion-Triggered Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"given":"Yuri","family":"Lourenco-Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Patol\u00f3gicas, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. 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