{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:19:17Z","timestamp":1758633557646,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551312000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006675","name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Doen\u00e7as Tropicais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["465229\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465229\/2014-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The cytotoxic activities of CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells have been considered the main defense mechanism against the human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). As with CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, NK cells can perform cytotoxic degranulation with production of cytotoxic mediators, such as perforins and granzymes. NK cells are also responsible for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against infected cells, but few studies have evaluated the role of NK cells in HTLV-1 infection. The aim of this study was to characterize the subsets and measure the frequency of NK cells in HTLV-1 carriers (HC) and in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) and correlate these findings with the proviral load and development of HAM\/TSP. The diagnosis of HTLV-1 infection was performed with a detection antibody against viral antigens by ELISA and confirmed by Western blot. Phenotypic characterization of NK cells was performed by flow cytometry. The frequencies of CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD3<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>, CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD16<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and CD56<jats:sup>dim<\/jats:sup> cells were decreased in HAM\/TSP patients. The frequency of CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD3<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup> cells was inversely correlated with proviral load in HC but not in HAM\/TSP patients. HAM\/TSP patients showed decreased frequency of CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD56<jats:sup>dim<\/jats:sup> cells expressing CD16, the main receptor for ADCC. These data indicate that NK cells may play a key role in the control of HTLV-1 infection by preventing the progression of HC to HAM\/TSP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6574828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T18:31:00Z","timestamp":1551378660000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Role of NK Cells in the Control of Viral Infection in HTLV-1 Carriers"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"given":"Camila F.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2586-7877","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia B.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia, Complexo 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