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Therefore, Sm16 represents a potential target for protective immune responses induced by vaccination. In this work, we generated the recombinant protein rSm16 and produced polyclonal antibodies against this protein to evaluate its expression during different parasite life-cycle stages and its location on the surface of the parasite. In addition, we analyzed the immune responses elicited by immunization with rSm16 using two different vaccine formulations, as well as its ability to induce protection in Balb\/c mice. In order to explore the biological function of Sm16 during the course of experimental infection, RNA interference was also employed. Our results demonstrated that Sm16 is expressed in cercaria and schistosomula and is located in the schistosomula surface. Despite humoral and cellular immune responses triggered by vaccination using rSm16 associated with either Freund\u2019s or alum adjuvants, immunized mice presented no reduction in either parasite burden or parasite egg laying. Knockdown of<jats:italic>Sm16<\/jats:italic>gene expression in schistosomula resulted in decreased parasite size<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>but had no effect on parasite survival or egg production<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Thus, our findings demonstrate that although the vaccine formulations used in this study succeeded in activating immune responses, these failed to promote parasite elimination. Finally, we have shown that Sm16 is not vital for parasite survival in the definitive host and hence may not represent a suitable target for vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6793596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T13:33:20Z","timestamp":1575293600000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sm16, A<i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>Immunomodulatory Protein, Fails to Elicit a Protective Immune Response and Does Not Have an Essential Role in Parasite Survival in the Definitive Host"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4627-216X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wilma Patr\u00edcia de Oliveira Santos","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia e Imunologia de Doen\u00e7as Infeciosas e Parasit\u00e1rias, Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, Fiocruz-MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190009, 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