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Total dependence on parenteral nutrition (PN) is associated with numerous adverse effects, including severe microbial dysbiosis and loss of important butyrate producers. We hypothesised that a lack of butyrate produced by the gut microbiota may be compensated by its supplementation in PN mixtures. We tested whether\n                    <jats:italic>i.v.<\/jats:italic>\n                    butyrate administration would (a) positively modulate intestinal defence mechanisms and (b) counteract PN-induced dysbiosis. Male Wistar rats were randomised to chow, PN, and PN supplemented with 9 mM butyrate (PN+But) for 12 days. Antimicrobial peptides, mucins, tight junction proteins, and cytokine expression were assessed by RT-qPCR. T-cell subpopulations in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were analysed by flow cytometry. Microbiota composition was assessed in caecum content. Butyrate supplementation resulted in increased expression of tight junction proteins (\n                    <jats:italic>ZO-1, claudin-7, E-cadherin<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), antimicrobial peptides (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      Defa 8, Rd5, RegIII\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and lysozyme in the ileal mucosa. Butyrate partially alleviated PN-induced intestinal barrier impairment and normalised IL-4, IL-10, and IgA mRNA expression. PN administration was associated with an increase in Tregs in MLN, which was normalised by butyrate. Butyrate increased the total number of CD4+ and decreased a relative amount of CD8+ memory T cells in MLN. Lack of enteral nutrition and PN administration led to a shift in caecal microbiota composition. Butyrate did not reverse the altered expression of most taxa but did influence the abundance of some potentially beneficial\/pathogenic genera, which might contribute to its overall beneficial effect.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7084734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T18:31:01Z","timestamp":1551378661000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Effect of Butyrate-Supplemented Parenteral Nutrition on Intestinal Defence Mechanisms and the Parenteral Nutrition-Induced Shift in the Gut Microbiota in the Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Jirsova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague 4-140 21, Czech 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