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In some patients, autoreactive inflammatory reactions contribute to the development of symptoms such as thyroid ophthalmopathy, and the subsequent signs and symptoms are derived from the expansion of orbital adipose tissue and edema of extraocular muscles within the orbit. The autoimmune process, production of antibodies against self-antigens such as TSH receptor (TSHR) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), inflammatory infiltration, and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) lead to edematous-infiltrative changes in periocular tissues. As a consequence, edema exophthalmos develops. Orbital fibroblasts seem to play a crucial role in orbital inflammation, tissue expansion, remodeling, and fibrosis because of their proliferative activity as well as their capacity to differentiate into adipocytes and myofibroblasts and production of GAG. In this paper, based on the available medical literature, the immunological mechanism of GO pathogenesis has been summarized. Particular attention was paid to the role of orbital fibroblasts and putative autoantigens. A deeper understanding of the pathomechanism of the disease and the involvement of immunological processes may give rise to the introduction of new, effective, and safe methods of treatment or monitoring of the disease activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7453260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T18:31:37Z","timestamp":1573583497000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Immunological Aspects of Graves\u2019 Ophthalmopathy"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"given":"Dominika","family":"\u0141acheta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry at the Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 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