{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T23:41:25Z","timestamp":1785368485108,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566172800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP15K10882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP15K10882"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19K09961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K09961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP15K10882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP15K10882"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19K09961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K09961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"YH","award":["JP15K10882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP15K10882"]}]},{"name":"YH","award":["JP19K09961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K09961"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>. To investigate the association among the ocular surface temperature (OST), tear film stability, functional visual acuity (FVA), and blink rate in patients after cataract surgery. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. We recruited 98 eyes of 69 patients (mean age, 73.7\u2009\u00b1\u20095.2\u2009years) 1\u2009month after phacoemulsification with implantation of acrylic intraocular lenses and assessed slit-lamp microscopy, corrected distance VA, FVA, noninvasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), and OST. We defined the changes in the OST from 0 to 10\u2009seconds after eye opening as the \u0394OST. We measured the FVA and blink rate using the FVA measurement system. We divided the patients into two groups based on tear film stability: stable tear film (NIBUT, &gt;5.0\u2009seconds) and unstable tear film (NIBUT, \u22645.0\u2009seconds). We evaluated the differences between the two groups and the association between the blink rate and other clinical parameters. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The unstable tear film group (56 eyes) had significantly (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>, unpaired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test) shorter NIBUTs than the stable tear film group (42 eyes). The \u0394OSTs and blink rates were significantly (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) higher in the unstable tear film group than in the stable group. Linear single regression analysis showed that the \u0394OST (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.430, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>), NIBUT (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.392, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>), and gender (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.370, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0002<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) were correlated significantly with the blink rate. Multiple regression analysis showed that the \u0394OST independently contributed to the blink rate. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. The frequency of blinks is associated with tear film stability in patients after cataract surgery. The blink rate may be useful for evaluating the tear film stability in clinical practice. The \u0394OST should be an important contributing factor to the blink rate. [This trial is registered with <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/upload.umin.ac.jp\/cgi-open-bin\/ctr\/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000030929\">UMIN000026970<\/jats:ext-link>].<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8189097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T19:33:09Z","timestamp":1566243189000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Association among Blink Rate, Changes in Ocular Surface Temperature, Tear Film Stability, and Functional Visual Acuity in Patients after Cataract Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Itokawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukinobu","family":"Okajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Ishizuchi Eye Clinic, Niihama, Ehime, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuhiko","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuto","family":"Tei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Kakisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3781-7976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0886-3350(89)80145-2"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0886-3350(13)80402-6"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0886-3350(01)00922-1"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0886-3350(01)00822-7"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2006.10.021"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-012-0117-8"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0b013e31812f67ca"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.02.036"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-0828-z"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0058-3"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0762"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.10.033"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23173"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000357105"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.152066"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/33\/2\/003"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.52.10.729"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/27\/11\/001"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3495540"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000672"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.5.002614"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2016.04.023"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(14)71639-3"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.08.005"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-5119"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-015-0073-9"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20501"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24604"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/icl.0000000000000431"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22950"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(01)01365-4"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23721"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0b013e31812f6913"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-011-0049-8"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597x-20090422-02"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.11.1537"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00061198-200312000-00008"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.05.022"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1185"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9394(14)71689-7"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0141-7037(96)80018-8"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1542-0124(12)70112-x"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8150"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000455"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31814-7"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000000827"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184296"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199912000-00021"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/joph\/2019\/8189097.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/joph\/2019\/8189097.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/joph\/2019\/8189097.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T08:46:27Z","timestamp":1569314787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/joph\/2019\/8189097\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["8189097","8189097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/8189097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-004X","2090-0058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-004X","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]]}}}