{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:17:48Z","timestamp":1790234268152,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562198400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#14\/50928-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#14\/50928-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chagas disease is a tropical illness caused by the protozoan<jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>. The disease affects populations of the Americas and has been spread to other continents due to the migration process. The disease is partially controlled by two drugs, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox. These molecules are active in the acute phase of the infection but are usually ineffective during the symptomatic chronic phase. Several research groups have developed novel candidates to control Chagas disease; however, no novel commercial formulation is available. In this article, we described the anti-<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>effects of phenothiazinium dyes in amastigote and trypomastigote forms of the parasite. Methylene Blue, New Methylene Blue, Toluidine Blue O, and 1,9-Dimethyl Methylene Blue inhibited the parasite proliferation at nanomolar concentrations and also demonstrated low toxicity in host cells. Moreover, combinations of phenothiazinium dyes indicated a synergic pattern against amastigotes compared to the Benznidazole counterparts. Phenothiazinium dyes levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the mitochondrial potential in trypomastigotes, indicating the mechanism of action of the dyes in<jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>. Our article offers a basis for future strategies for the control of Chagas disease using low-cost formulations, an important point for endemic underdeveloped regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8301569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T23:31:32Z","timestamp":1562283092000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Phenothiazinium Dyes Are Active against<i>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/i>In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"given":"Gisele","family":"Bulh\u00f5es Portapilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av do Caf\u00e9, sn\/n, 14040-903 Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-7476","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luiz 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