{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T03:38:43Z","timestamp":1782704323720,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556755200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria is rising worldwide. Fish from multisource pollution waters can harbour multidrug-resistant bacteria that can be disseminated to humans through eating or contact of contaminated fish. A cross-sectional study was carried out to (i) isolate and phenotypically identify bacteria from 36 fish samples from informal market in Mufakose, Harare, and (ii) determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolated bacteria against ten available antibiotics (ampicillin 10\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g, gentamycin 30\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g, penicillin G 10\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g, erythromycin 15\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g, tetracycline 30\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g, kanamycin 30\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g, neomycin 10\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g, cloxacillin 5\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g, lincomycin 15\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g, and sulfamethoxazole 25\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g) using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disk agar diffusion method. Eight bacterial genera were isolated and identified, and they were<jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Proteus<\/jats:italic>. Among the isolates,<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>was isolated most frequently (44%) followed by<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>(19%),<jats:italic>Enterobacter aerogenes<\/jats:italic>(7%),<jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>spp. (5%),<jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>(5%),<jats:italic>Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>(5%), and coagulase-negative<jats:italic>Staphylococci<\/jats:italic>(5%) and the least frequent were<jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>(3%) and<jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>(3%). All isolates were susceptible to gentamycin. Varying antibiotic resistance rates were observed to lincomycin (100%), ampicillin (81%), penicillin (67%), erythromycin (65%), tetracycline (63%), neomycin (61%), cloxacillin (43%), kanamycin (24%), and sulphamethoxazole (13%). All the isolates were multidrug-resistant (resistant to at 3 or more drugs tested) except<jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>has multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.2, and the other isolated bacteria had MAR indexes greater than 0.2 ranging from 0.3 to 0.7. Those MAR indexes above 0.2 showed that the bacteria isolates are from a high risk source where antibiotics were frequently used, possibly from sewage effluents. Isolation of enteric bacteria such as<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>is an indication of faecal contamination, and this poses a high risk to animal and human health. These significant findings call for effective risk assessment models and management plans that protect human, animal, and environmental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8759636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T23:38:10Z","timestamp":1556840290000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Antimicrobial Profiling of Bacteria Isolated from Fish Sold at Informal Market in Mufakose, Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4625-9398","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudious","family":"Gufe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Services, Diagnostics and Research Branch, Central Veterinary Laboratories, P.O. Box CY 551, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinashe","family":"Canaan Hodobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Services, Diagnostics and Research Branch, Central Veterinary Laboratories, P.O. Box CY 551, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Mbonjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Services, Diagnostics and Research Branch, Central Veterinary Laboratories, P.O. Box CY 551, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otlia","family":"Majonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Services, Diagnostics and Research Branch, Central Veterinary Laboratories, P.O. Box CY 551, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerikias","family":"Marumure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bindura University of Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuvai","family":"Musari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Services, Diagnostics and Research Branch, Central Veterinary Laboratories, P.O. Box CY 551, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Jongi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Services, Diagnostics and Research Branch, Central Veterinary Laboratories, P.O. 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