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Subunit vaccines are safer compared to live-attenuated vaccines but are less immunogenic and need to be delivered with an adjuvant. Adjuvants are essential for enhancing vaccine potency by improving humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Only a limited number of adjuvants are licensed for human vaccines, and their mode of action is still not clear.<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>eukaryotic initiation factor (LeIF) has been described having a dual role, as a natural adjuvant and as an antigen that possesses advantageous immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we assessed the adjuvant properties of recombinant<jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>eukaryotic initiation factor (LieIF) through<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>assays. LieIF was intraperitoneally administered in combination with the protein antigen ovalbumin (OVA), and the widely used alum was used as a reference adjuvant. Our<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>studies using J774A.1 macrophages showed that LieIF induced stimulatory effects as demonstrated by the enhanced surface expression of CD80 and CD86 co-stimulatory molecules and the induced production of the immune mediators NO and MIP-1<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, LieIF co-administration with OVA in an<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>murine model induced a proinflammatory environment as demonstrated by the elevated expression of<jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>NF-\u03baB2<\/jats:italic>genes in peritoneal exudate cells (PEC). Furthermore, PEC derived from OVA-LieIF-immunized mice exhibited elevated expression of CD80 molecule and production of NO and MIP-1<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>in culture supernatants. Moreover, LieIF administration in the peritoneum of mice resulted in the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes at 24\u2009h post-injection. Also, we showed that this immunopotentiating effect of LieIF did not depend on the induction of uric acid danger signal. These findings suggest the potential use of LieIF as adjuvant in new vaccine formulations against different infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9124326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T23:41:05Z","timestamp":1556667665000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["New Insights on the Adjuvant Properties of the<i>Leishmania infantum<\/i>Eukaryotic Initiation Factor"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7046-0481","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olga S.","family":"Koutsoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vass Sofias Av, 11521 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 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