{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:52:14Z","timestamp":1762102334021,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education of the Republic of Turkey","award":["RPG-2014-267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPG-2014-267"]}]},{"name":"Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award","award":["RPG-2014-267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPG-2014-267"]}]},{"name":"Leverhulme Trust research project grant","award":["RPG-2014-267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPG-2014-267"]}]},{"name":"Surrey Sleep Research Centre","award":["RPG-2014-267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPG-2014-267"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Symbolic dynamic analysis (SDA) methods have been applied to biomedical signals and have been proven efficient in characterising differences in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in various conditions (e.g., epilepsy, Alzheimer\u2019s, and Parkinson\u2019s diseases). In this study, we investigated the use of SDA on EEGs recorded during sleep. Lempel\u2010Ziv complexity (LZC), permutation entropy (PE), and permutation Lempel\u2010Ziv complexity (PLZC), as well as power spectral analysis based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT), were applied to 8\u2010h sleep EEG recordings in healthy men (n=31) and women (n=29), aged 20\u201074 years. The results of the SDA methods and FFT analysis were compared and the effects of age and sex were investigated. Surrogate data were used to determine whether the findings with SDA methods truly reflected changes in nonlinear dynamics of the EEG and not merely changes in the power spectrum. The surrogate data analysis showed that LZC merely reflected spectral changes in EEG activity, whereas PE and PLZC reflected genuine changes in the nonlinear dynamics of the EEG. All three SDA techniques distinguished the vigilance states (i.e., wakefulness, REM sleep, NREM sleep, and its sub\u2010stages: stage 1, stage 2, and slow wave sleep). Complexity of the sleep EEG increased with ageing. Sex on the other hand did not affect the complexity values assessed with any of these three SDA methods, even though FFT detected sex differences. This study shows that SDA provides additional insights into the dynamics of sleep EEG and how it is affected by ageing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9254309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T13:09:06Z","timestamp":1546434546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Ageing and Sex on Complexity in the Human Sleep EEG: A Comparison of Three Symbolic Dynamic Analysis Methods"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4513-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinar Deniz","family":"Tosun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Derk-Jan","family":"Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raphaelle","family":"Winsky-Sommerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4268-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Abasolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Nonlinear Time Series Analysis","year":"1997","author":"Kantz H.","key":"e_1_2_9_1_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9601(85)90786-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9601(85)90444-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1531823"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2014.0091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.64.061907"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.883825"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ArtanN. 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