{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:15:01Z","timestamp":1793330101536,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004530","name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UPM\/TNCPI\/RMC\/5.6.5\/F1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UPM\/TNCPI\/RMC\/5.6.5\/F1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Heat stress disorders may cause negative health outcome and subsequent productivity reduction especially in those who work under direct sunlight for an extended number of hours.\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study assessed the impact of heat on the health and productivity among maize farmers in a hot tropical country.\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A cross-sectional study was conducted among 396 maize farmers, randomly selected across Gombe province, Nigeria. The wet bulb globe temperature monitor (WBGT) Model QuesTemp\n                    <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                    36 was used in determining the heat index. Health was determined using a validated questionnaire, while productivity was determined by recording work output based on the number of ridges cultivated during the working hours.\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The farms recorded mean heat index with standard deviation (SD) of 31.56 (2.19) and 34.08 (1.54) in the hours of 9\u2009am to 12 pm and 12\u20133\u2009pm respectively, which exceeded the threshold level set by the ACGIH. Heavy sweating (93.2%), tiredness (48.5%), dizziness (34.1%), and headache (40.4%) were experienced by the respondents almost on daily basis. The finding further showed a significant difference in the farmers\u2019 productivity during the three time duration of the work day (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ). The productivity was significantly higher between the hours of 6\u20139\u2009am (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ) and 12\u20133\u2009pm (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ), compared to the hours of 9\u2009am to 12\u2009pm (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ). The factors that significantly predict the productivity outcome include temperature (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ), gender (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ), age (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>0.033<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ), and BMI (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mn>0.008<\/mml:mn>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ).\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The farmers were frequently experiencing heat exhaustion which decreased their productivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9896410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T19:37:51Z","timestamp":1554147471000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The Impact of Heat on Health and Productivity among Maize Farmers in a Tropical Climate Area"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4808-0460","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lukman Shiji","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0708-7447","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zailina","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5591-3315","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Malina","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"2","first-page":"459","volume":"39","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science"},{"key":"3","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Summary for 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