{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:47:06Z","timestamp":1790408826332,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584576000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP52155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP52155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Water bodies such as dams are known to alter the local transmission patterns of a number of infectious diseases, especially those transmitted by insects and other arthropod vectors. The impact of an irrigation dam on submicroscopic asexual parasite carriage in individuals living in a seasonal malaria transmission area of northern Ghana was investigated. A total of 288 archived DNA samples from two cross-sectional surveys in two communities in the Bongo District of Northern Ghana were analysed. Parasite density was determined by light microscopy and PCR, and parasite diversity was assessed by genotyping of the polymorphic <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> msp2 block-3 region. Submicroscopic parasitaemia was estimated as the proportional difference between positive samples identified by PCR and microscopy. Dry season submicroscopic parasite prevalence was significantly higher (71.0%, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.013<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) at the dam site compared with the nondam site (49.2%). Similarly, wet season submicroscopic parasite prevalence was significantly higher at the dam site (54.5%, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.008<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) compared with the nondam site (33.0%). There was no difference in parasite density between sites in the dry season (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.90<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) and in the wet season (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.85<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). Multiplicity of infection (MOI) based on PCR data was significantly higher at the dam site compared with the nondam site during the dry season (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) but similar between sites during the wet season. MOI at the nondam site was significantly higher in the wet season than in the dry season (2.49, 1.26, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) but similar between seasons at the dam site. Multivariate analysis showed higher odds of carrying submicroscopic parasites at the dam site in both dry season (OR\u2009=\u20097.46, 95% CI\u2009=\u20093.07\u201318.15) and in wet season (OR\u2009=\u20091.73, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.04\u20132.86). The study findings suggest that large water bodies impact year-round carriage of submicroscopic parasites and sustain <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1386587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T23:30:40Z","timestamp":1584660640000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Impact of an Irrigation Dam on the Transmission and Diversity of <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i> in a Seasonal Malaria Transmission Area of Northern Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6423-1885","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric","family":"Kyei-Baafour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Tornyigah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Buade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Langbong","family":"Bimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham R.","family":"Oduro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo A.","family":"Koram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben A.","family":"Gyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo A.","family":"Kusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, 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