{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:47:51Z","timestamp":1788994071098,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598572800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background and Aims<\/jats:italic>. Exercise activity is an important method for managing type 2 diabetes. This investigation examined the HIIT and continuous training on <jats:italic>apelin<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>APJ receptor<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>NO<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>cardiotrophin-1<\/jats:italic> in the cardiac tissue of diabetic rats. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. The animals were categorized into 3 groups of HIIT, continuous (CO), and control (C) (all animals were sacrificed immediately and 2 days after exercise training period). Rats underwent the treadmill exercise program either HIIT (12 bouts at 90\u201395% of VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> max with 60\u2009s rest at 50% of VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> max) or CO (60\u201365% VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> max for 40\u2009min). Protocols performed 5 days per week for 8 weeks. Apelin, APJ receptor, NO, and cardiotrophin-1 protein expressions were measured using the Western blotting method in the left ventricle. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Immediately after HIIT and CO exercise protocols, <jats:italic>apelin<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CT-1<\/jats:italic> protein showed a significant difference in contrast by the C-0 group (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). However, <jats:italic>NO<\/jats:italic> values were substantially higher in HIIT-0 compared to C-0 and CO-0 groups rats (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). After two days of exercise protocols, <jats:italic>apelin<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>NO<\/jats:italic> protein showed a significant increase in HIIT and CO groups in contrast to the C animals (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Moreover, <jats:italic>APJ<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CT-1<\/jats:italic> protein significantly upregulated in CO-2 and HIIT-2 compared to the other groups (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. This study indicates that exercise training, despite the type, is an efficient method to modify <jats:italic>apelin<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>APJ receptor<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>NO<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>cardiotrophin-1<\/jats:italic> values in animals with type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1472514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T23:39:41Z","timestamp":1598657981000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparing High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Continuous Training on Apelin, APJ, NO, and Cardiotrophin-1 in Cardiac Tissue of Diabetic Rats"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5088-7955","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Sabouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology & Health Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Oxygen Sports 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