{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T21:27:14Z","timestamp":1772659634729,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":127,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. The stem bark decoction of <jats:italic>Stemonocoleus micranthus<\/jats:italic> Harms (Fabaceae) is most widely used traditionally as a remedy for various diseases such as malaria and boil. In this study, the anti\u2010inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of the methanol\u2010dichloromethane extract (MDE) from the stem bark of the plant in rodents were evaluated. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. The carrageenan\u2010induced rat paw oedema, cotton pellet\u2010induced granuloma in rat, and xylene\u2010induced ear oedema in mice were used to study the anti\u2010inflammatory activity of methanol\u2010dichloromethane extract of <jats:italic>Stemonocoleus micranthus<\/jats:italic> (MDESm) (100, 200, and 400\u2009mg\/kg). The effects of MDESm (100, 200, and 400\u2009mg\/kg) on cyclophosphamide\u2010induced immunosuppression, neutrophil adhesion, carbon clearance, and haematological and biochemical parameters were carried out to study its immunomodulatory activity in mice. <jats:italic>Result<\/jats:italic>. MDESm (100\u2009mg\/kg, p.o.) significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) inhibited carrageenan\u2010induced oedema by 57.1% at 5<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\u2009h posttreatment compared with control. At 100\u2009mg\/kg, p.o., MDESm significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) reduced cotton pellet\u2010induced granuloma by 39.28% and nonsignificantly reduced xylene\u2010induced ear oedema by 34.1%. Treatment with MDESm (100 and 400\u2009mg\/kg) nonsignificantly abolished the neutropenia caused by cyclophosphamide with a percentage neutrophil reduction of 0 and \u221214.86%, respectively, while MDESm (200\u2009mg\/kg) and levamisole (50\u2009mg\/kg) had a nonsignificant reduction in neutrophil count (10.16 and 31.40%), respectively, all compared to the distilled water\u2010treated group with a neutrophil count of \u22129.82%. MDESm at doses of 100 and 200\u2009mg\/kg increased phagocytic index by 0.0447\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00762 and 0.0466\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00703, respectively, although not significantly when compared to the control group with a value of 0.0226\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02117. There was a decrease in WBC and lymphocyte counts in MDESm\u2010 (200\u2009mg\/kg) treated group, suggesting immunosuppressive potential at this dose. MDESm caused a dose\u2010dependent decrease in ALT and core liver enzymes, suggesting a hepatoprotective effect. The acute toxicity test revealed that MDESm is safe in mice with an oral lethal dose (LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of &gt;5\u2009g\/kg. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The methanol\u2010dichloromethane extract of <jats:italic>Stemonocoleus micranthus<\/jats:italic> Harms possesses mild anti\u2010inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities which may be more pronounced upon fractionation and purification. Therefore, more investigations are needed to explore these activities further.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1738163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T23:30:45Z","timestamp":1588894245000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluation of Methanol\u2010Dichloromethane Extract of <i>Stemonocoleus micranthus<\/i> Harms (Fabaceae) Stem Bark for Anti\u2010Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activities"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Florence Nwakaego","family":"Mbaoji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8282-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akachukwu Marytheresa","family":"Onwuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunday","family":"Onu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikechukwu Emmanuel","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3481-040X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justus Amuche","family":"Nweze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian Eleje","family":"Okonta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19040942"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci92035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-014-1734-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","first-page":"272","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of herbal plants: a review","volume":"2","author":"Kumar S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bojl.2000.0363"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","first-page":"847","article-title":"The effect of ignition time on fifty-two selected Nigerian timbers","volume":"5","author":"Udeozo I. 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