{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T18:50:37Z","timestamp":1768416637943,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFS0302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFS0302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFS0372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFS0372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1704105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1704105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC1703905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1703905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFS0302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFS0302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFS0372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFS0372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1704105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1704105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC1703905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1703905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2020YFS0302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFS0302"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2020YFS0372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFS0372"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2018YFC1704105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1704105"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2017YFC1703905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1703905"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2020YFS0302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFS0302"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2020YFS0372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFS0372"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2018YFC1704105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1704105"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2017YFC1703905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1703905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula is the main treatment method of TCM. A formula often contains multiple herbs where core herbs play a critical therapeutic effect for treating diseases. It is of great significance to find out the core herbs in formulae for providing evidences and references for the clinical application of Chinese herbs and formulae. In this paper, we propose a core herb discovery model CHDSC based on semantic analysis and community detection to discover the core herbs for treating a certain disease from large-scale literature, which includes three stages: corpus construction, herb network establishment, and core herb discovery. In CHDSC, two artificial intelligence modules are used, where the Chinese word embedding algorithm ESSP2VEC is designed to analyse the semantics of herbs in Chinese literature based on the stroke, structure, and pinyin features of Chinese characters, and the label propagation-based algorithm LILPA is adopted to detect herb communities and core herbs in the herbal semantic network constructed from large-scale literature. To validate the proposed model, we choose chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) as an example, search 1126 articles about how to treat CGN in TCM from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and apply CHDSC to analyse the collected literature. Experimental results reveal that CHDSC discovers three major herb communities and eighteen core herbs for treating different CGN syndromes with high accuracy. The community size, degree, and closeness centrality distributions of the herb network are analysed to mine the laws of core herbs. As a result, we can observe that core herbs mainly exist in the communities with more than 25 herbs. The degree and closeness centrality of core herb nodes concentrate on the range of [15, 40] and [0.25, 0.45], respectively. Thus, semantic analysis and community detection are helpful for mining effective core herbs for treating a certain disease from large-scale literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1862168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T23:31:14Z","timestamp":1599003074000},"page":"1-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Semantic Analysis and Community Detection-Based Artificial Intelligence Model for Core Herb Discovery from the Literature: Taking Chronic Glomerulonephritis Treatment as a Case Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledge and Data Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4906-7025","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledge and Data Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledge and Data Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine, School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangqing","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongjiang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2279-932X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chuanbiao","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-03845-1"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2019.2928998"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.08.096"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.22340"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3186051"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2497471"},{"key":"8","first-page":"11","volume":"93","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"},{"key":"9","year":"2016"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.01.033"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2427301"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4268\/cjcmm20101028"},{"issue":"3","key":"13","first-page":"23","volume":"32","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Literature"},{"issue":"1","key":"14","first-page":"32","volume":"32","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Literature"},{"key":"15","year":"2014"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-9-24"},{"key":"17","year":"2007"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977824"},{"issue":"11","key":"19","first-page":"994","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science & Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"20","first-page":"63","volume":"10","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Basic Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"21","first-page":"955","volume":"8","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"22","first-page":"66","volume":"13","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae"},{"issue":"3","key":"23","first-page":"315","volume":"19","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.05.275"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1907848"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/435085"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.04.018"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-14-61"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9079840"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0335-9"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2007.07.007"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/752194"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/873185"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60033-6"},{"key":"35","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"36","first-page":"8","volume":"40","year":"2006","journal-title":"Shanghai Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"37","first-page":"2127","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"issue":"23","key":"38","first-page":"146","volume":"10","year":"1954","journal-title":"Word"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12640-1_34"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00051"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.06.088"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2018.2866424"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2019.122937"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.10.076"},{"key":"52","year":"2010"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2019.101735"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/12\/10\/103018"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/jar.33.4.3629752"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2003.0057"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.122653799"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.74.036104"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/30918"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.70.056122"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.404"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/11\/3\/033015"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2009\/03\/p03024"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2015.08.015"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2017.06.018"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129183119500499"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2016.45"},{"issue":"4","key":"72","first-page":"537","volume":"24","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Universal Computer Science"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-019-01349-3","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal and Ubiquitous Computing"}],"container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2020\/1862168.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2020\/1862168.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2020\/1862168.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T23:31:22Z","timestamp":1599003082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2020\/1862168\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["1862168","1862168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/1862168","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-670X","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-6718","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}}}