{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T11:29:37Z","timestamp":1769167777689,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596412800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003286","name":"Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RA 2011-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA 2011-014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Predictive indices like the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) have been developed to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Metabolic surgery is the most effective treatment for a rapid improvement of morbid obesity and its comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and CVD. A decreased reoccurrence of CVD after metabolic surgery has been reported by several studies. However, studies utilizing predictive indices for CVD risk in CVD-free morbid-obese patients who undertook laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) are lacking. Here, we use AIP as a tool to evaluate the improvement in CVD risk post-LSG in morbid-obese people who had no history of CVD. <jats:italic>Method.<\/jats:italic> We compared baseline, 6- and 12-month post-LSG score of AIP, vascular age, circulating biochemical markers related to CVD in two groups of BMI and age-matched morbid-obese participants with and without T2D. <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic> At baseline, people with T2D had significantly higher AIP both, with morbid obesity (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mn>0.23<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.06<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) and normal weight (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mn>0.022<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) compared to their BMI-matched without T2D group. People with morbid obesity had low AIP (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.083<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.06<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Vascular age was significantly higher in people with morbid obesity and T2D (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mn>65.8<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>3.7<\/mml:mn><mml:mtext>year<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:math>, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) compared to morbid obesity (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\"><mml:mn>37.9<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>2.6<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math> year). After one year, AIP was significantly reduced compared to baseline score in people with morbid obesity with\/without T2D, respectively (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\"><mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.135<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.07<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.003<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>; and <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M11\"><mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.36<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.04<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M12\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0002<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Our data illuminates AIP as a reliable predictive index for CVD risk in morbid-obese people who had no history of CVD. Moreover, AIP accurately distinguishes between morbid obesity with T2D and morbid obesity and showed a rapid and significant reduction in CVD risk after LSG in people who had no history of CVD. This is a ClinicalTrials.gov registered trial (Reference <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03038373\">NCT03038373<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2091341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T23:32:47Z","timestamp":1596497567000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) a Tool to Assess Changes in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Post Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Eman","family":"Al Shawaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5006-4369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ebaa","family":"Al-Ozairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Division, Clinical Research Unit, Dasman Diabetes institute, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahad","family":"Al-Asfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6318-8707","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anwar","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaima","family":"Al-Beloushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sriraman","family":"Devarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Dasman Diabetes Biobank, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5409-3829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fahd","family":"Al-Mulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-7305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jehad","family":"Abubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6414-0916","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hossein","family":"Arefanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66378-7"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-009-9988-2"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-007-9242-8"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1381\/096089202320995574"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.930.195"},{"issue":"6","key":"7","volume":"70","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology and 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