{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T03:29:19Z","timestamp":1787974159733,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Research and Technology of Indonesia\/National Research and Innovation Agency","award":["9\/E1\/KPT\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9\/E1\/KPT\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research and Technology of Indonesia\/National Research and Innovation Agency","award":["005\/PER-P2M\/UPJ-DIKTI\/04.19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["005\/PER-P2M\/UPJ-DIKTI\/04.19"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant","award":["9\/E1\/KPT\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9\/E1\/KPT\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant","award":["005\/PER-P2M\/UPJ-DIKTI\/04.19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["005\/PER-P2M\/UPJ-DIKTI\/04.19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated as a by-product of normal aerobic metabolism. Elevated ROS formation leads to potential damage of biological structures and is implicated in various diseases. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite responsible for the red-orange color of a number of marine animals and microorganisms. There is mounting evidence that astaxanthin has powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Hence, its consumption can result in various health benefits, with potential for therapeutic application. Astaxanthin contains both a hydroxyl and a keto group, and this unique structure plays important roles in neutralizing ROS. The molecule quenches harmful singlet oxygen, scavenges peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals and converts them into more stable compounds, prevents the formation of free radicals, and inhibits the autoxidation chain reaction. It also acts as a metal chelator and converts metal prooxidants into harmless molecules. However, like many other carotenoids, astaxanthin is affected by the environmental conditions, e.g., pH, heat, or exposure to light. It is hence susceptible to structural modification, i.e., via isomerization, aggregation, or esterification, which alters its physiochemical properties. Here, we provide a concise overview of the distribution of astaxanthin in tissues, and astaxanthin structures, and their role in tackling singlet oxygen and free radicals. We highlight the effect of structural modification of astaxanthin molecules on the bioavailability and biological activity. These studies suggested that astaxanthin would be a promising dietary supplement for health applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2156582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T19:32:20Z","timestamp":1595359940000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Structures of Astaxanthin and Their Consequences for Therapeutic Application"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8219-3293","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tatas Hardo Panintingjati","family":"Brotosudarmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 465151, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leenawaty","family":"Limantara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Urban Studies, Universitas Pembangunan Jaya, Jl. Cendrawasih Raya B7\/P, South Tangerang, 15413 Banten, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edi","family":"Setiyono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 465151, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Heriyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP) and Department of Chemistry, Universitas Ma Chung, Villa Puncak Tidar N01, Malang 465151, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"252","volume-title":"The photochemistry and function of carotenoids in photosynthesis","year":"1993"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6040096"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md12010128"},{"key":"4","year":"2018"},{"key":"5","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Food colour additives of natural origin","year":"2015"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(03)00078-7"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md16040117"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md17120673"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092563"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md17010024"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fca.09.19"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0822"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9600.1000653"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.04.008"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05743.x"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.100"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120440"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010044"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-18"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12769-7"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md17070382"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327117745693"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md17110628"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.07.034"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.04.026"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.09.011"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-016-0295-2"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.12.031"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01041"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45924-3"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-009-9342-5"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.02.016"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md16110427"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11125109"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-1775-6"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8073798"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040522"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.05.009"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402224w"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7131"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md17060337"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010120"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0230-3"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2012.01.008"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(03)00030-X"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01190806"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199163010141"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2003.04.001"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1991.00575.x"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010510508384"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007902103419"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122242"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-1978(93)90088-9"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps319167"},{"key":"55","first-page":"487","volume":"43","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10194"},{"key":"57","volume":"520, article 734915","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1996.41.6.1198"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md10050998"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbh021"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400037279"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.58.1842"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03556"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.047704-0"},{"key":"65","first-page":"426","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"African Journal of Microbiology Research"},{"key":"66","volume":"892","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods and Protocols"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.024729-0"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63146-0"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-1-277"},{"issue":"10","key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005345224510","volume":"20","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biotechnology Letters"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-115-1-173"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.4.1226-1229.1998"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03138.x"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2004.12.016"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2010.10.001"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09443.x"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2010.00794.x"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2003.tb00039.x"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c6fo01721e"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690590957188"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J030v10n03_08"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-4959(02)00186-0"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.10.006"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/18142320509504084"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12200"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps254213"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2109.2001.00536.x"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.1588"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-009-3294-6"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00531"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6514"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63784-0.00004-7"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.2.391"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(97)00146-4"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-019-8018-z"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jcbiol\/ruy049"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf981319u"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00107-8"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf061876d"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.08.077"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0517750"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2005.02.038"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2013.03.009"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2009.02.017"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2017.05.031"},{"key":"108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8cp01742e"},{"key":"109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp4062708"},{"key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(00)00104-2"},{"key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507845521"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04254"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12286"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz1018"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2019.1612059"},{"key":"116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0186-5"},{"key":"117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29356\/jmcs.v59i4.81"},{"key":"118","year":"2015"},{"key":"119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.001"},{"key":"120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3170051"},{"key":"121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.284612"},{"key":"122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2012.02.023"},{"key":"123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2009.11.005"},{"key":"124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102407"},{"key":"125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00231-6"},{"key":"126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555843"},{"key":"127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555805"},{"key":"128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555854"},{"key":"129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(01)00326-1"},{"key":"130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01355-0"},{"key":"131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(97)00092-4"},{"key":"132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2000.2149"},{"key":"133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(97)00006-8"},{"key":"134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17022140"},{"key":"135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6040080"},{"key":"136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md10081784"},{"key":"137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60607d"},{"key":"138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf991106k"},{"key":"139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp4121436"},{"key":"140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00547-0"},{"key":"141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.13-33"},{"key":"142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005445927433"},{"key":"143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf101947a"},{"key":"144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100222"},{"key":"145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-48209-6_12"},{"key":"146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8070219"},{"key":"147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-6030(97)00285-2"},{"key":"148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.0c02228"},{"key":"149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/596240"},{"key":"150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9861(03)00014-6"},{"key":"151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-998-0266-y"},{"key":"152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(91)80266-K"},{"key":"153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04329"},{"key":"154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2014.972329"},{"key":"155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(89)90467-0"},{"key":"156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.62.134"},{"key":"157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00817921"},{"key":"158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/MBD.2000.121"},{"key":"159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.513"},{"key":"160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17011039"},{"key":"161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp109039v"},{"key":"162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.06.074"},{"key":"163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.03.120"},{"key":"164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04962"},{"key":"165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8050128"},{"key":"166","first-page":"902","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research"},{"key":"167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.04.045"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Food Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijfs\/2020\/2156582.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijfs\/2020\/2156582.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijfs\/2020\/2156582.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T19:32:26Z","timestamp":1595359946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijfs\/2020\/2156582\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"references-count":165,"alternative-id":["2156582","2156582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/2156582","relation":{},"ISSN":["2356-7015","2314-5765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2356-7015","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-5765","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]}}}