{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:28:20Z","timestamp":1776882500243,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":314,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001791","name":"Griffith University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The First Australians had well\u2010developed healing systems. Groote Eylandt inhabitants used a variety of plant species to treat diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal illnesses. This study was undertaken to test, identify, and evaluate traditional medicines to treat these conditions against gastrointestinal bacterial, protozoal, and viral pathogens, as well as against cancer cell proliferation. Six plant species (<jats:italic>Buchanania obovata<\/jats:italic> Engl., <jats:italic>Casuarina equisetifolia<\/jats:italic> L., <jats:italic>Eucalyptus tetrodonta<\/jats:italic> F. Muell., <jats:italic>Planchonia careya<\/jats:italic> (F. Muell.) R. Knuth, <jats:italic>Terminalia carpentariae<\/jats:italic> C. T. White, and <jats:italic>Vigna vexillata<\/jats:italic> (L.) A. Rich.) were selected from a survey of a panel of elders from the Warnindhilyagwa tribe and compared with the published literature. Decoctions prepared according to traditional methods were screened for growth inhibitory activity of a panel of diarrhoea\u2010causing bacterial pathogens by disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC assays. Inhibitory activity against the gastrointestinal protozoal parasite <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic> and antiproliferative activity against human colorectal (Caco2) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines were evaluated using MTS\u2010based colorimetric cell proliferation assays. Preliminary antiviral screening was accomplished using an MS2 bacteriophage plaque reduction assay. Toxicity was evaluated using <jats:italic>Artemia franciscana<\/jats:italic> nauplii mortality and HDF cell viability bioassays. All traditional medicines tested inhibited bacterial growth, often with MIC values substantially &lt;1000\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL. <jats:italic>T. carpentariae<\/jats:italic> was particularly noteworthy, with MIC values of 230\u2013350\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL against <jats:italic>Citrobacter freundii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Salmonella newport<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>. This species also had MICs 450\u2013950\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL against all other bacterial pathogens. <jats:italic>B. obovata<\/jats:italic> Engl. and <jats:italic>E. tetrodonta<\/jats:italic> were also good inhibitors of bacterial growth, albeit with substantially higher MIC values than determined for <jats:italic>T. carpentariae.<\/jats:italic> The <jats:italic>T. carpentariae<\/jats:italic> decoction was also the best inhibitor of MS2 phage replication (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009427\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL) and Caco2 and HeLa proliferation (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of 885 and 85\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mL, respectively). None of the extracts were particularly strong inhibitors of <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic> growth. All decoctions were nontoxic in the <jats:italic>Artemia<\/jats:italic> nauplii and HDF cell viability bioassays, indicating their suitability for therapeutic use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2438491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T03:20:14Z","timestamp":1605064814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Therapeutic Properties of Plants Used Traditionally to Treat Gastrointestinal Disorders on Groote Eylandt, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Mazerand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8732-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian Edwin","family":"Cock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","volume-title":"Diarrhoea: Why Children Are Still Dying and What Can Be Done","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","unstructured":"Unicef http:\/\/data.unicef.org\/child-health\/diarrhoeal-disease.html 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/phrev.phrev_21_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2016.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/jice.20160426094553"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15228940802152869"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2019.1700905"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14817"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","volume-title":"Plants and People: Aboriginal Uses of Plants on Groote Eylandt","author":"Levitt D.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-8741(01)00290-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3526"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pc.2014.4.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pc.2014.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2011.20.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1013-0434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4465-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2016.3.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06579-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pc.2019.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-88"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","unstructured":"International Society of Ethnobiology International Society of Ethnobiology Code of Ethics 2008 http:\/\/ethnobiology.net\/code-of-ethics\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pc.2011.2.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.127338"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0328-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2017.4.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2019.11.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2018.4.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.69108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5119.102749"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","first-page":"98","article-title":"Comparison of the brine shrimp nauplii bioassay and the ToxScreen-II test for the detection of toxicity associated with Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) leaf extract","volume":"1","author":"Cock I. E.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacognosy Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2018.1460680"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pc.2014.4.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.81955"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","article-title":"Vitamin E and Trolox\u2122 reduce toxicity of Aloe barbadensis Miller juice in Artemia franciscana nauplii but individually are toxic at high concentrations","volume":"5","author":"Sirdaarta J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Internet Journal of Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-55512-8.00046-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis551"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7349-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)33296-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0568-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus major and Eucalyptus baileyana methanolic extracts","volume":"6","author":"Cock I. E.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Internet Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pc.2013.2.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/pc.2014.1.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of selected Australian Syzygium species","volume":"3","author":"Chikowe G.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacognosy Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.60577"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(94)01192-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-017-2782-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01226-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_2","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of selected Australian plant species","volume":"6","author":"Cock I. E.","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Internet Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00067-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Bioflavonoids classification, pharmacological, biochemical effects and therapeutic potential","volume":"33","author":"Narayana K. R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138955708786140990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000260768"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(82)90060-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345880670011001"}],"container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2020\/2438491.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2020\/2438491.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2020\/2438491","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T08:51:17Z","timestamp":1723020677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2020\/2438491"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Carlos H. G.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2020\/2438491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/2438491","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-427X","1741-4288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-427X","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-4288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2438491"}}