{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:22:12Z","timestamp":1763727732933,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593648000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inqaba Biotech","award":["112080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112080"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["112080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, a microorganism highly linked to bacterial vaginosis (BV), is understudied in terms of genotypic heterogeneity in South African populations. This study investigated the prevalence of <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> genotypes in BV-positive, BV-intermediate, and BV-negative South African pregnant women. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. The study population included <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>354<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math> pregnant women recruited from a public hospital in Durban, South Africa. The women provided self-collected vaginal swabs for BV diagnosis by Nugent scoring. For the genotyping assays, the <jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>sialidase A<\/jats:italic> genes from BV-negative, BV-intermediate, and BV-positive samples were amplified with <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>-specific primers. The<jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic> amplicon was digested with <jats:italic>TaqI<\/jats:italic> to generate genotyping profiles, and subtypes were determined by correlating <jats:italic>BamHI<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>HindIII<\/jats:italic> digestion profiles. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the <jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>sialidase A<\/jats:italic> sequences. The data analysis was performed with R Statistical Computing software, version 3.6.2. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Two different genotypes, GT1 and GT2, were detected. The most prevalent genotype was GT1. Four subtypes (1, 2B, 2AB, and 2C) were shown to be present. The most prevalent subtype was 2B, followed by subtypes 1, 2C, and 2AB. The phylogenetic analysis of the <jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic> showed the presence of 5 clusters. The tree displayed clusters which contained sequences from the same BV group with different genotypes and subtypes. Clusters with sequences from across the BV groups carrying the same genotype and subtype were present. Diversity of the <jats:italic>sialidase A<\/jats:italic> across BV groups and genotypes was observed. Finally, the study did not find a significant association (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) between reported symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge and genotype harboured. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. This study provided the first report on the diversity of <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> in South African pregnant women. Diversity assessments of <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> with respect to genotypes and virulence factors may aid in a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of this microorganism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3176407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T23:32:05Z","timestamp":1593732725000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence of Genotypes and Subtypes of <i>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/i> in South African Pregnant Women"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8802-4178","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kayla","family":"Pillay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2618-8630","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Silondiwe","family":"Nzimande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6359-9511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Meleshni","family":"Naicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1590-9893","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Veron","family":"Ramsuran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban, Private Bag 7, Congella, 4013, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban, Private Bag 7, Congella, 4013, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4528-0635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Partson","family":"Tinarwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Nelson R. 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