{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:33:25Z","timestamp":1790346805540,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus is one of the life threatening diseases over the globe, and an early prediction of diabetes is of utmost importance in this current scenario. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reported nearly half of the world\u2019s population was undiagnosed and unaware of being developed into diabetes. In 2017, around 84 million individuals were living with diabetes, and it might increase to 156 million by the end of 2045 stated by IDF. Generally, the diagnosis of diabetes relies on the biochemical method that may cause uneasiness and probability of infections to the subjects. To overcome such difficulties, a noninvasive method is much needed around the globe for primary screening. A change in body temperature is an indication of various diseases. Infrared thermal imaging is relatively a novel technique for skin temperature measurement and turned out to be well known in the medical field due to being noninvasive, risk\u2010free, and repeatable. According to traditional Chinese medicine, the human tongue is a sensitive mirror that reflects the body\u2019s pathophysiological condition. So, we have (i) analysed and classified diabetes based on thermal variations at human tongue, (ii) segmented the hot spot regions from tongue thermogram by RGB (red, green, blue) based color histogram image segmentation method and extracted the features using gray level co\u2010occurrence matrix algorithm, (iii) classified normal and diabetes using various machine learning algorithms, and (iv) developed computer aided diagnostic system to classify diabetes mellitus. The baseline measurements and tongue thermograms were obtained from 140 subjects. The measured tongue surface temperature of the diabetic group was found to be greater than normal. The statistical correlation between the HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> and the thermal distribution in the tongue region was found to be <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.5688. The Convolutional Neural Network has outperformed the other classifiers with 94.28% accuracy rate. Thus, tongue thermograms could be used as a preliminary screening approach for diabetes prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3186208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T23:30:53Z","timestamp":1579044653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Human Tongue Thermography Could Be a Prognostic Tool for Prescreening the Type II Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Usharani","family":"Thirunavukkarasu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4032-1349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snekhalatha","family":"Umapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4214-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palani Thanaraj","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumar","family":"Janardanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","volume-title":"Diabetes Atlas 2017","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","volume-title":"Global Report on Diabetes","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00618-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.26.2.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250100627"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v4.i4.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/dmso.s67400"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-6-50"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2015.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01336.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.802199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-017-0012-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00045391-200607000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.suppl_2.s40"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-S005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02106.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","first-page":"508","article-title":"Original article using glycated hemoglobin HbA1c for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus\u202f: an Indian perspective","volume":"2","author":"Mahajan R. 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