{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:20:29Z","timestamp":1768821629048,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We have previously shown that rotavirus (RV) inner capsid protein VP6 has an adjuvant effect on norovirus (NoV) virus\u2010like particle\u2010 (VLP\u2010) induced immune responses and studied the adjuvant mechanism in immortalized cell lines used as antigen\u2010presenting cells (APCs). Here, we investigated the uptake and presentation of RV VP6 and NoV GII.4 VLPs by primary bone marrow\u2010derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The adjuvant effect of VP6 on GII.4 VLP presentation and NoV\u2010specific immune response induction by BMDC\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    was also studied. Intracellular staining demonstrated that BMDCs internalized both antigens, but VP6 more efficiently than NoV VLPs. Both antigens were processed and presented to antigen\u2010primed T cells, which responded by robust interferon\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    secretion. When GII.4 VLPs and VP6 were mixed in the same pulsing reaction, a subpopulation of the cells had uptaken both antigens. Furthermore, VP6 copulsing increased GII.4 VLP uptake by 37% and activated BMDCs to secrete 2\u20105\u2010fold increased levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    compared to VLP pulsing alone. When\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010pulsed BMDCs were transferred to syngeneic BALB\/c mice, VP6 improved NoV\u2010specific antibody responses. The results of this study support the earlier findings of VP6 adjuvant effect\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3194704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T18:30:53Z","timestamp":1579804253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Rotavirus VP6 Adjuvant Effect on Norovirus GII.4 Virus\u2010Like Particle Uptake and Presentation by Bone Marrow\u2010Derived Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In 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