{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:32:01Z","timestamp":1791351121508,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593648000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Objectives<\/jats:italic>. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is observing an accelerating prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) influenced by gene-environment interaction of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the heritability and genetic risk of T2DM in SSA. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. We reviewed all published articles on T2DM in SSA between January 2000 and December 2019 and available in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies that reported on the genetics and\/or heritability of T2DM or indicators of glycaemia were included. Data extracted included the study design, records of family history, pattern and characteristics of inheritance, genetic determinants, and effects estimates. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The pattern and characteristics of T2DM heritability in SSA are preference for maternal aggregation, higher among first degree compared to second-degree relatives; early age-onset (&lt;50 years), and inherited abnormalities of beta-cell function\/mass. The overall prevalence of T2DM was 28.2% for the population with a positive family history (PFH) and 11.2% for the population with negative family history (NFH). The pooled odds ratio of the impact of PFH on T2DM was 3.29 (95% CI: 2.40-4.52). Overall, 28 polymorphisms in 17 genes have been investigated in relation with T2DM in SSA. Almost all studies used the candidate gene approach with most (45.8%) of genetic studies published between 2011 and 2015. Polymorphisms in <jats:italic>ABCC8<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Haptoglobin<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>KCNJ11<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ACDC<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ENPP1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>TCF7L2<\/jats:italic> were found to be associated with T2DM, with overlapping effect on specific cardiometabolic traits. Genome-wide studies identified ancestry-specific signals (<jats:italic>AGMO-rs73284431<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>VT11A-rs17746147<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>ZRANB3<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>TCF7L2-rs7903146<\/jats:italic> as the only transferable genetic risk variants to SSA population. <jats:italic>TCF7L2-rs7903146<\/jats:italic> polymorphism was investigated in multiple studies with consistent effects and low-moderate statistical heterogeneity. Effect sizes were modestly strong [<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mtext>odds<\/mml:mtext><mml:mtext>\u2009<\/mml:mtext><mml:mtext>ratio<\/mml:mtext><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>6.17<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math> (95% CI: 2.03-18.81), codominant model; 2.27 (95% CI: 1.50-3.44), additive model; 1.75 (95% CI: 1.18-2.59), recessive model]. Current evidence on the heritability and genetic markers of T2DM in SSA populations is limited and largely insufficient to reliably inform the genetic architecture of T2DM across SSA regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3198671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T23:32:15Z","timestamp":1593732735000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Heritability and Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6374-0979","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Evans Adu","family":"Asamoah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, 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