{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:22:38Z","timestamp":1775838158809,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]],"date-time":"2020-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595721600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF2017R1D1A3B04031440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF2017R1D1A3B04031440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mobile Information Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Technology is advancing rapidly in present times. To serve as a useful and connected part of the community, everyone is required to learn and update themselves on innovations. Visually impaired people fall behind in this regard because of their inherent limitations. To involve these people as active participants within communities, technology must be modified for their facilitation. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of various user input schemes designed for the visually impaired for Braille to natural language conversion. These techniques are analyzed in detail with a focus on their accessibility and usability. Currently, considerable effort has been made to design a touch-screen input mechanism for visually impaired people, such as Braille Touch, Braille Enter, and Edge Braille. All of these schemes use location-specific input and challenge visually impaired persons to locate specified places on the touch screen. Most of the schemes require special actions to switch between upper and lowercase and between numbers and special characters, which affects system usability. The key features used for accessing the performance of these techniques are efficiency, accuracy, and usability issues found in the applications. In the end, a comparison of all these techniques is performed. Outcomes of this analysis show that there is a strong need for application that put the least burden on the visually impaired users. Based on this survey, a guideline has been designed for future research in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3461651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]],"date-time":"2020-07-26T23:30:42Z","timestamp":1595806242000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Analysis and Evaluation of Braille to Text Conversion Methods"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Sana","family":"Shokat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rabia","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanam Shahla","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raptor Interactive (Pty) Ltd., Eco Boulevard, Witch Hazel Ave, Centurion 0157, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farina","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6295-7014","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Se Jin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25806, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.07.044"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1100.0529"},{"key":"3","year":"2018"},{"key":"8","year":"1829"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482x1210601012"},{"issue":"3","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1510900308","volume":"109","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-28640-0_50"},{"key":"15","volume-title":"A deterministic turing machine for context sensitive translation of Braille codes to Urdu text","year":"2008"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2017\/v10i33\/112335"},{"key":"18","first-page":"327","year":"2017"},{"key":"20","volume-title":"Image processing techniques for braille writing recognition","year":"2005"},{"key":"25","volume-title":"No-look notes: accessible eyes-free multi-touch text entry","year":"2010"},{"key":"29","volume-title":"Braille touch: mobile texting for the visually impaired","year":"2011"},{"key":"30","volume-title":"Braille Type: unleashing braille over touch screen mobile phones","year":"2011"},{"key":"31","volume-title":"Mobile Brailler: making touch-screen typing accessible to visually impaired users","year":"2012"},{"key":"33","volume-title":"Eyes-Free input on mobile devices","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"34","first-page":"382","volume":"2","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/ijca2015906343"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/jat-10-2014-0028"},{"key":"39","year":"2015"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.05.349"}],"container-title":["Mobile Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2020\/3461651.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2020\/3461651.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2020\/3461651.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]],"date-time":"2020-07-26T23:30:46Z","timestamp":1595806246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2020\/3461651\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["3461651","3461651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/3461651","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-017X","1875-905X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-017X","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-905X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]]}}}