{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T14:12:42Z","timestamp":1774879962369,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The cystine\/glutamate antiporter (system<jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>) is composed of a heavy chain subunit 4F2hc linked by a disulphide bond to a light chain xCT, which exchanges extracellular cystine, the disulphide form of the amino acid cysteine, for intracellular glutamate.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>research in the brain, kidney, and liver have shown this antiporter to play a role in minimising oxidative stress by providing a source of intracellular cysteine for the synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione.<jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>studies using the xCT knockout mouse revealed that the plasma cystine\/cysteine redox couple was tilted to a more oxidative state demonstrating system x<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>to also play a role in maintaining extracellular redox balance by driving a cystine\/cysteine redox cycle. In addition, through import of cystine, system x<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>also serves to export glutamate into the extracellular space which may influence neurotransmission and glutamate signalling in neural tissues. While changes to system x<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>function has been linked to cancer and neurodegenerative disease, there is limited research on the roles of system x<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>in the different tissues of the eye, and links between the antiporter, aging, and ocular disease. Hence, this review seeks to consolidate research on system x<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>in the cornea, lens, retina, and ocular humours conducted across several species to shed light on the<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>roles of xCT in the eye and highlight the utility of the xCT knockout mouse as a tool to investigate the contribution of xCT to age-related ocular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4594606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T23:31:40Z","timestamp":1592523100000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Identification, Expression, and Roles of the Cystine\/Glutamate Antiporter in Ocular Tissues"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-2563","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renita M.","family":"Martis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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