{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:47:47Z","timestamp":1787017667092,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Background. Night blindness (XN) is a condition in which a person cannot see in dim light and is the earliest clinical manifestation of vitamin A deficiency. Globally, vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem in 122 countries, of which 45 countries have moderate to severe child night blindness. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the prevalence and associated factors of night blindness and Bitot\u2019s spot among children aged 24-59 months. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was employed from February to March 2019 among children aged 24-59 months in the Lay Armachiho District, Amhara region. A structured and pretested questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive summary statistics were used to describe the study population. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify associated factors. Results. Out of 1007 children, 1.9% and 2.2% had night blindness and Bitot\u2019s spot, respectively. Illiterate mothers (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mtext>AOR<\/a:mtext>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>2.94<\/a:mn>\n                      <\/a:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mn>95<\/c:mn>\n                        <c:mi>%<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mtext>CI<\/c:mtext>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\">\n                          <c:mrow>\n                            <c:mn>1.12<\/c:mn>\n                            <c:mo>,<\/c:mo>\n                            <c:mn>6.72<\/c:mn>\n                          <\/c:mrow>\n                        <\/c:mfenced>\n                      <\/c:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), age of 48 to 59 months (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <g:mtext>AOR<\/g:mtext>\n                        <g:mo>=<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>9.81<\/g:mn>\n                      <\/g:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <i:mn>95<\/i:mn>\n                        <i:mi>%<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mtext>CI<\/i:mtext>\n                        <i:mo>=<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\">\n                          <i:mrow>\n                            <i:mn>1.24<\/i:mn>\n                            <i:mo>,<\/i:mo>\n                            <i:mn>77.36<\/i:mn>\n                          <\/i:mrow>\n                        <\/i:mfenced>\n                      <\/i:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ),\u2009\u22654 family sizes (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <m:mtext>AOR<\/m:mtext>\n                        <m:mo>=<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>4.52<\/m:mn>\n                      <\/m:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <o:math xmlns:o=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <o:mn>95<\/o:mn>\n                        <o:mi>%<\/o:mi>\n                        <o:mtext>CI<\/o:mtext>\n                        <o:mo>=<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\">\n                          <o:mrow>\n                            <o:mn>1.02<\/o:mn>\n                            <o:mo>,<\/o:mo>\n                            <o:mn>19.90<\/o:mn>\n                          <\/o:mrow>\n                        <\/o:mfenced>\n                      <\/o:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), had diarrhea (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <s:math xmlns:s=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <s:mtext>AOR<\/s:mtext>\n                        <s:mo>=<\/s:mo>\n                        <s:mn>5.00<\/s:mn>\n                      <\/s:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <u:math xmlns:u=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                        <u:mn>95<\/u:mn>\n                        <u:mi>%<\/u:mi>\n                        <u:mtext>CI<\/u:mtext>\n                        <u:mo>=<\/u:mo>\n                        <u:mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\">\n                          <u:mrow>\n                            <u:mn>1.73<\/u:mn>\n                            <u:mo>,<\/u:mo>\n                            <u:mn>14.54<\/u:mn>\n                          <\/u:mrow>\n                        <\/u:mfenced>\n                      <\/u:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), and had a respiratory tract infection (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <y:math xmlns:y=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\">\n                        <y:mtext>AOR<\/y:mtext>\n                        <y:mo>=<\/y:mo>\n                        <y:mn>3.14<\/y:mn>\n                      <\/y:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <ab:math xmlns:ab=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\">\n                        <ab:mn>95<\/ab:mn>\n                        <ab:mi>%<\/ab:mi>\n                        <ab:mtext>CI<\/ab:mtext>\n                        <ab:mo>=<\/ab:mo>\n                        <ab:mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\">\n                          <ab:mrow>\n                            <ab:mn>1.02<\/ab:mn>\n                            <ab:mo>,<\/ab:mo>\n                            <ab:mn>9.70<\/ab:mn>\n                          <\/ab:mrow>\n                        <\/ab:mfenced>\n                      <\/ab:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) were significantly associated with night blindness. Age of 48-59 months (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <eb:math xmlns:eb=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M11\">\n                        <eb:mtext>AOR<\/eb:mtext>\n                        <eb:mo>=<\/eb:mo>\n                        <eb:mn>4.23<\/eb:mn>\n                      <\/eb:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <gb:math xmlns:gb=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M12\">\n                        <gb:mn>95<\/gb:mn>\n                        <gb:mi>%<\/gb:mi>\n                        <gb:mtext>CI<\/gb:mtext>\n                        <gb:mo>=<\/gb:mo>\n                        <gb:mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\">\n                          <gb:mrow>\n                            <gb:mn>1.13<\/gb:mn>\n                            <gb:mo>,<\/gb:mo>\n                            <gb:mn>14.86<\/gb:mn>\n                          <\/gb:mrow>\n                        <\/gb:mfenced>\n                      <\/gb:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) and mothers who did not wash their hands after using the toilet (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <kb:math xmlns:kb=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M13\">\n                        <kb:mtext>AOR<\/kb:mtext>\n                        <kb:mo>=<\/kb:mo>\n                        <kb:mn>3.02<\/kb:mn>\n                      <\/kb:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mb:math xmlns:mb=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M14\">\n                        <mb:mn>95<\/mb:mn>\n                        <mb:mi>%<\/mb:mi>\n                        <mb:mtext>CI<\/mb:mtext>\n                        <mb:mo>=<\/mb:mo>\n                        <mb:mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\">\n                          <mb:mrow>\n                            <mb:mn>1.01<\/mb:mn>\n                            <mb:mo>,<\/mb:mo>\n                            <mb:mn>9.13<\/mb:mn>\n                          <\/mb:mrow>\n                        <\/mb:mfenced>\n                      <\/mb:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) were predictor variables for Bitot\u2019s spots. Conclusion. The prevalence of night blindness and Bitot\u2019s spots was high. Child\u2019s age, mother\u2019s educational status, family size, diarrhea in the last 2 weeks, and respiratory tract infection in the last 2 weeks were predictive variables for night blindness. Besides, handwashing practice after using the toilet and child\u2019s age were significantly associated with Bitot\u2019s spot among children. Therefore, both night blindness and Bitot\u2019s spots are a public health problem and call for the attention of health professionals in primary health care facilities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5095620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T09:50:09Z","timestamp":1605693009000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Child Night Blindness and Bitot\u2019s Spots Are Public Health Problems in Lay Armachiho District, Central Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Ajebew","family":"Bantihun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amhara Regional State, Central Gondar Zone, Lay Armachiho District, Tekeldingay Health Office, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9106-1615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kedir Abdela","family":"Gonete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azeb Atnafu","family":"Getie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmamaw","family":"Atnafu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Systems and Policy, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1","first-page":"413","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in South Asia: causes, outcomes, and possible remedies","volume":"31","author":"S. 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T. Chauhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"19","article-title":"Why do children become vitamin A deficient?","volume":"132","author":"J. H. Melissa Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_20_18"},{"issue":"2","key":"21","article-title":"Dietary deficiency of vitamin A among rural children: community-based survey using food frequency questionnaire","volume":"30","author":"S. Suri","year":"2017","journal-title":"The National Medical Journal of India"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007719.pub4"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v27i5.3778"},{"key":"24","first-page":"119","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency in children with acute diarrhea: a community-based study in Bangladesh","volume":"18","author":"F. U. Ahmed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Health Population & Nutrition"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030190"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijpedi\/2020\/5095620.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijpedi\/2020\/5095620.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijpedi\/2020\/5095620.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T12:16:54Z","timestamp":1723897014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijpedi\/2020\/5095620\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Somashekhar Marutirao","family":"Nimbalkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["5095620","5095620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/5095620","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9759","1687-9740"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9759","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1687-9740","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]}}}