{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:31:53Z","timestamp":1789579913304,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581638400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013782","name":"Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Long pepper (<jats:italic>Piper retrofractum<\/jats:italic> Vahl) is a Thai medicinal herb which has been used as one of the common ingredients in variety of Thai foods. Here, we investigated antimicrobial activities of crude bioactive metabolites extracted from fruits of <jats:italic>P. retrofractum<\/jats:italic> against 10 pathogenic organisms (bacteria and yeast) causing opportunistic infections in human or animals including <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic> ATCC6633, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> ATCC25923, <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> ATCC2921, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> ATCC25922, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumonia<\/jats:italic> TISTR1843, <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> ATCC741, <jats:italic>Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic> (clinical isolate), <jats:italic>Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic> (XN98 and 5HP), and <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> ATCC90020. The results of disk diffusion test showed that the extract from methanol solvent exhibited greater antibacterial activity than other solvents with inhibition zones ranging from 0.5 to 8.0\u2009mm, respectively. Subsequently, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) determined by the colorimetric assay confirmed that methanol extracts showed consistent results with disk diffusion method. In summary, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> assays suggest that methanol is the best solvent for extraction of bioactive metabolites from <jats:italic>P. retrofractum<\/jats:italic> fruits. This crude extract can inhibit the majority of human and animal pathogens. This opens up a potential use of pepper fruits in prevention of food-contaminating microorganisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5638961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T18:32:18Z","timestamp":1581705138000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of <i>Piper retrofractum<\/i> Fruit Extracts against Microbial Pathogens Causing Infections in Human and Animals"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2307-4091","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wattana","family":"Panphut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Microbiology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanakwan","family":"Budsabun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Microbiology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pakkakul","family":"Sangsuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3428-y"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-015-9436-y"},{"key":"3","first-page":"677","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry"},{"key":"4","year":"2016"},{"key":"5","year":"2017"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.03.030"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02621"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.06.153","volume":"411","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"9","first-page":"2521","volume":"56","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Letters"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2009.03.008"},{"key":"11","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Chapter 4 disk diffusion testing and chapter 5 MIC testing","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"12","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"NCCLS"},{"issue":"1","key":"13","volume":"32","year":"2012"},{"key":"14","first-page":"7321","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"15","first-page":"488","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"16","year":"2017"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4065603"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503129112"},{"key":"19","volume-title":"Solvent polarity index","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijmicro\/2020\/5638961.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijmicro\/2020\/5638961.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijmicro\/2020\/5638961.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T18:32:23Z","timestamp":1581705143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijmicro\/2020\/5638961\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["5638961","5638961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/5638961","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-918X","1687-9198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-918X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]}}}