{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T21:53:28Z","timestamp":1767650008053,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608768000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Operating universities under pandemic conditions is a complex undertaking. The Artificial University (TAU) responds to this need. TAU is a configurable, open-source computer simulation of a university using a contact network based on publicly available information about university classes, residences, and activities. This study evaluates health outcomes for an array of interventions and testing protocols in an artificial university of 6,500 students, faculty, and staff. Findings suggest that physical distancing and centralized contact tracing are most effective at reducing infections, but there is a tipping point for compliance below which physical distancing is less effective. If student compliance is anything short of high, it helps to have separate buildings for quarantining infected students, thereby gracefully increasing compliance. Hybrid in-person and online classes and closing fitness centers do not significantly change cumulative infections but do significantly decrease the number of the infected at any given time, indicating strategies for \u201cflattening the curve\u201d to protect limited resources. Supplementing physical distancing with centralized contact tracing decreases infected individuals by an additional 14%; boosting frequency of testing for student-facing staff yields a further 7% decrease. A trade-off exists between increasing the sheer number of infection tests and targeting testing for key nodes in the contact network (i.e., student-facing staff). There are significant advantages to getting and acting on test results quickly. The costs and benefits to universities of these findings are discussed. Artificial universities can be an important decision support tool for universities, generating useful policy insights into the challenges of operating universities under pandemic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5910209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T02:05:05Z","timestamp":1609380305000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Artificial University: Decision Support for Universities in the COVID-19 Era"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7571-1259","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wesley J.","family":"Wildman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind and Culture, 566 Commonwealth Ave, Suite M-2, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Computational and Data Sciences, Boston University, 111 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"School of Theology, Boston University, 745 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2389-2809","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saikou Y.","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind and Culture, 566 Commonwealth Ave, Suite M-2, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Virginia Modeling, Analysis & Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, 1030 University Blvd., Suffolk, VA 23435, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0623-4564","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George","family":"Hodulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind and Culture, 566 Commonwealth Ave, Suite M-2, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6694-6689","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind and Culture, 566 Commonwealth Ave, Suite M-2, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Building 3, David Pilgrim Ave., Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4201-8757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andreas","family":"Tolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind and Culture, 566 Commonwealth Ave, Suite M-2, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Modeling, Simulation, Experimentation, and Analytics, The MITRE Corporation, 1001 Research Park Blvd. #220, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7337-9072","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neha","family":"Gondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind and Culture, 566 Commonwealth Ave, Suite M-2, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Computational and Data Sciences, Boston University, 111 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Sociology, Boston University, 96 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108436"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.10.005"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"3","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011542117"},{"author":"K. G. Troitzsch","article-title":"Validating simulation models","key":"4"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"5","DOI":"10.7249\/RR2208"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119485001.ch21"},{"author":"S. Y. Diallo","article-title":"Human simulation: perspectives, insights, and applications","key":"7"}],"container-title":["Complexity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2020\/5910209.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2020\/5910209.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2020\/5910209.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T02:05:07Z","timestamp":1609380307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2020\/5910209\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"xiaoke","family":"xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]},"references-count":7,"alternative-id":["5910209","5910209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/5910209","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-0526","1076-2787"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-0526"},{"type":"print","value":"1076-2787"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]}}}