{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:47:46Z","timestamp":1787017666924,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]],"date-time":"2020-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594425600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010609","name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ST-02-0108\/07\/780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST-02-0108\/07\/780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pain Research and Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n . The aim of the research was to conduct an assessment of the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and associated factors among Polish women.\n Patients and Methods<\/jats:italic>\n . A cross-sectional study was conducted among Polish women using an online questionnaire. The mean age of the participants was 23\u2009\u00b1\u20094 years. Out of the total of 1,317 women who took part in the study, 1,127 were included in the analysis, and 190 were excluded due to incomplete answers. The questionnaire consisted of 19 questions that were grouped into three parts. The first concerned sociodemographic data such as age, weight, education, and residence (urban or rural). The second part of the questionnaire pertained to the factors of dysmenorrhea (premenstrual syndrome, age of menarche, and family history of dysmenorrhea.). In the third part, the women were asked about their diet, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and physical activity.\n Results<\/jats:italic>\n . Dysmenorrhea affected 94% of the interviewed women. Dysmenorrhea was most likely to occur among respondents whose mothers had a history of dysmenorrhea (\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.005<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ). Significant relationship between the occurrence of dysmenorrhea among respondents and their sisters was also observed (\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.005<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ). The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was significantly higher in women reporting dysmenorrhea (\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.005<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ). Other significant factors associated with dysmenorrhea were age of menarche (\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.005<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ), stress frequency (\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.005<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ), lack of physical activity (\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.037<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ), and self-esteem (\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.042<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ). However, in the respondents, no significant relationship was observed between dysmenorrhea and diet, smoking, body mass index, and alcohol intake.\n Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n . The study points to the fact that the problem of dysmenorrhea affects many Polish women. Women with dysmenorrhea were characterized with a family history of dysmenorrhea, occurrence of PMS, early age of menarche, stressful lifestyle, lack of physical activity, and low self-esteem. We suggest that further assessment of factors contributing for dysmenorrhea among women is necessary.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6161536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,11]],"date-time":"2020-07-11T19:31:07Z","timestamp":1594495867000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Dysmenorrhea and Associated Factors among Polish Women: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4482-1500","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zofia","family":"Barcikowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 7, 80-211, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3409-6082","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karolina","family":"W\u00f3jcik-Bilkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 1, 80-211, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3269-0646","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Sobierajska-Rek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Al. Zwyci\u0119stwa 30, 80-219, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5311-3450","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Magdalena Emilia","family":"Grzybowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0696-9950","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Piotr","family":"W\u0105\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Tuwima 15, 80-210, Gda\u0144sk, 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