{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:45:04Z","timestamp":1784331904839,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"abstract":"<p>Previously, we showed that serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels, a marker for T-cell activation, were higher in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) patients than in healthy controls, suggesting pathogenic T-cell activation in CRPS. Additionally, sIL-2R levels discriminated well between CRPS and healthy controls with a high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (89.5%), suggesting a possible role for sIL-2R in the diagnosis of CRPS. In order to further validate this marker in the diagnostic workup of CRPS, we conducted this prospective cohort study in which we determined sIL-2R levels in patients that were referred to our tertiary referral center with a suspicion of CRPS in a limb, and subsequently compared sIL-2R levels between the patients that were diagnosed with CRPS (CRPS group) and those who were not (no CRPS group). A group of anonymous blood bank donors were used as a healthy control group. Furthermore, we explored the relationship between sIL-2R and CRPS disease severity using the CRPS severity score. Median sIL-2R levels of both the CRPS group (2809.0\u2009pg\/ml; Q3-Q1: 3913.0-1589.0) and no CRPS group (3654.0\u2009pg\/ml; Q3-Q1: 4429.0-2095.5) were significantly higher than that of the control group (1515.0\u2009pg\/ml; Q3-Q1: 1880.0-1150.0): CRPS vs. controls,<inline-formula><a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><a:mi>p<\/a:mi><a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo><a:mn>.001<\/a:mn><\/a:math><\/inline-formula>; no CRPS vs. controls,<inline-formula><c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><c:mi>p<\/c:mi><c:mo>&lt;<\/c:mo><c:mn>0.001<\/c:mn><\/c:math><\/inline-formula>. Serum sIL-2R levels did not differ significantly between the CRPS and no CRPS group. A statistically significant negative correlation was observed between sIL-2R levels and the CRPS severity score (<inline-formula><e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><e:msub><e:mrow><e:mi>r<\/e:mi><\/e:mrow><e:mrow><e:mtext>s<\/e:mtext><\/e:mrow><\/e:msub><e:mo>=<\/e:mo><e:mo>\u2212<\/e:mo><e:mn>0.468<\/e:mn><\/e:math><\/inline-formula>,<inline-formula><g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><g:mi>p<\/g:mi><g:mo>=<\/g:mo><g:mn>0.024<\/g:mn><\/g:math><\/inline-formula>). Our results confirm our previous findings of higher sIL-2R levels in CRPS patients than in healthy controls. We further showed that serum sIL-2R cannot differentiate between CRPS and other pain conditions of a limb in a tertiary referral setting. Interestingly, a negative correlation was found between sIL-2R and CRPS disease severity; this finding warrants further research into the relationship between sIL-2R and CRPS disease severity.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6259064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T22:50:07Z","timestamp":1601333407000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Serum Soluble Interleukin-2 Receptor Does Not Differentiate Complex Regional Pain Syndrome from Other Pain Conditions in a Tertiary Referral Setting"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4899-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. D.","family":"Bharwani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Dirckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. L.","family":"Stronks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. A.","family":"Dik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. J. P. M.","family":"Huygen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Dozio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.04.030"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.09.008"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181a11623"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2015.11.004"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.09.024"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.10.003"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181e3db38"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2764261"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-018-1182-3"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1449-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.5.3172","article-title":"Soluble interleukin 2 receptors are released from activated human lymphoid cells in vitro","volume":"135","author":"Rubin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/S0962935193000018"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/MI.2005.121"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223897"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000927"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2010.00388.x"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-019-00417-x"},{"issue":"8","key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.8.2612","article-title":"Soluble IL-2 receptor in rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation with disease activity, IL-1 and IL-2 inhibition","volume":"141","author":"Symons","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08123-6"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.11.004"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.08.013"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.12.011"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92877-V"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000569"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3156"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2004.06.010"},{"issue":"12","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3841","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.12.3841","article-title":"The released interleukin 2 receptor binds interleukin 2 efficiently","volume":"137","author":"Rubin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-8-619"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-08-3507"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03308.x"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600240103"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-340885"}],"container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2020\/6259064.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2020\/6259064.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2020\/6259064.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]],"date-time":"2023-10-08T14:30:54Z","timestamp":1696775454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2020\/6259064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["6259064","6259064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/6259064","relation":{},"ISSN":["1466-1861","0962-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1466-1861","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0962-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]}}}