{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:52:00Z","timestamp":1765356720525,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591574400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1914787","1622481","1157882","0933596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1914787","1622481","1157882","0933596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1914787","1622481","1157882","0933596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1914787","1622481","1157882","0933596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1914787","1622481","1157882","0933596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1914787","1622481","1157882","0933596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1914787","1622481","1157882","0933596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1914787","1622481","1157882","0933596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The electroencephalogram (EEG) is broadly used for research of brain activities and diagnosis of brain diseases and disorders. Although EEG provides good temporal resolution of millisecond or less, it does not provide good spatial resolution. There are two main reasons for the poor spatial resolution: the blurring effects of the head volume conductor and poor signal-to-noise ratio. We have developed a tripolar concentric ring electrode (TCRE) Laplacian sensor and now report on computer simulations comparing spatial resolution between conventional EEG disc electrode sensors and TCRE Laplacian sensors. We also performed visual evoked stimulus experiments and acquired visual evoked potentials (VEPs) from healthy human subjects. From the simulations, we found that TCRE Laplacian sensors can provide approximately a tenfold improvement in spatial resolution and pass signals from specific volumes. Placing TCRE sensors near the brain region of interest will allow passage of the wanted signals and rejection of distant interference signals. We were also able to detect VEPs on the scalp surface and show that TCREs separated VEP sources better than conventional disc electrodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6269394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T23:32:34Z","timestamp":1591659154000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Improved Spatial Resolution of Electroencephalogram Using Tripolar Concentric Ring Electrode Sensors"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 4 East Alumni Ave., Kingston, RI 02881, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2648-0500","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Makeyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Din\u00e9 College, 1 Circle Dr., Tsaile, AZ 86556, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2752-5483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Walter","family":"Besio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 4 East Alumni Ave., Kingston, RI 02881, USA"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(94)90112-0"},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"2","first-page":"149","volume":"27","year":"1998","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering"},{"year":"2006","key":"3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(96)00284-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"5","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00192"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90180-6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90021-3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(75)90056-5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"9","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.863887"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(79)90215-3"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.07.021"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01937276"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/10.554766"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(98)00056-x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90072-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/10.686789"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"17","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209412"},{"year":"2008","key":"18"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(00)00527-7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/10.991155"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/10.790505"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2020\/6269394.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2020\/6269394.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2020\/6269394.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T23:32:36Z","timestamp":1591659156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2020\/6269394\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["6269394","6269394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/6269394","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1687-725X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-7268"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]}}}