{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:30:13Z","timestamp":1789727413047,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTI) represent the most common bacterial infections among patients visiting outpatient clinics of healthcare centers in Nepal. However, treatment of such infections is compounded by emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant uropathogens associated with extended-spectrum <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-lactamases (ESBLs). In this study, we aimed to investigate the burden of antimicrobial resistance and occurrence of ESBL genes among clinical isolates of uropathogenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Nepal. During the study period, we processed a total of 1,626 urinary tract specimens, isolated significant bacterial pathogens, and investigated their antimicrobial susceptibilities. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009154), the predominant pathogen associated with UTI, was further investigated for the existence of ESBL enzymes by using conventional phenotypic as well as molecular approaches. Among suspected cases of UTI, we found that 15.2% were having UTI and female patients of the reproductive age group were more affected (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (154, 62.1%) was the key uropathogen, and majority (\u223c64.9%) of them were multidrug resistant (MDR). Among MDR <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates, 40.3% were producing extended-spectrum <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-lactamases (ESBLs). <jats:italic>bla-TEM<\/jats:italic> (83.8%), <jats:italic>bla-CTX-M<\/jats:italic> (66.1%), and <jats:italic>bla-SHV<\/jats:italic> (4.8%) were common ESBL genotypes. Nitrofurantoin, gentamycin, and imipenem were the most effective antibiotics for ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> isolates. It indicates that the high rates of multidrug-resistant <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> are frequent causes of UTI in our hospital. Nitrofurantoin and aminoglycosides are the most useful first-line drugs to be used in the cases of UTI. We recommend the regular investigation of drug resistance among all isolates and develop a useful antibiotic prescription policy in our country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6525826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T23:37:23Z","timestamp":1586993843000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Extended-Spectrum <i>\u03b2<\/i>-Lactamase (ESBL) Genotypes among Multidrug-Resistant Uropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> Clinical Isolates from a Teaching Hospital of Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2946-1233","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roshan","family":"Pandit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"},{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balkrishna","family":"Awal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"},{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumesh Shreekhanda","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Govardhan","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"},{"name":"Kathmandu Center for Genomics and Research Laboratory (KCGRL), Kathmandu, 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