{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T17:55:01Z","timestamp":1762624501083,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603238400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change has adversely influenced many activities. It has increased the intensified precipitation events in some places and decreased the precipitation in some other places. In addition, some research studies revealed that the climate change has moved seasons in the temporal scale. Therefore, the changes can be seen in both spatial and temporal scales. Thus, analyzing climate change in the localized environments is highly essential. Rainfall trend analysis in a localized catchment can improve many aspects of water resource management not only to the catchment itself but also to some of the related other catchments. This research is carried to identify the rainfall trends in Badulu Oya catchment, Sri Lanka. The catchment is important as it is in the intermediate climate zone and rich in agricultural productions. Four rain gauges (namely, Badulla, Kandekatiya, Lower Spring Valley, and Ledgerwatte Estate) were used to analyze the rainfalls in the resolutions of monthly, seasonally, and annually. 30-year monthly cumulative rainfall data for the above four gauging stations are analyzed using various standard tests. Nonparametric tests including Mann\u2013Kendall test and sequential Mann\u2013Kendall test and innovative trend analysis methods are used to identify the potential rainfall trends in Badulu Oya catchment. In addition, continuous wavelet transforms and discrete wavelet transforms tests are carried out to check the patterns on rainfall to the catchment. The trend analysis methods are compared against each other to identify the better technique. The results reveal that the nonparametric Mann\u2013Kendall test is powerful to produce the statistically significant rainfall trends in qualitative and quantitative manner. Mann\u2013Kendall analysis shows a positive trend to Ledgerwatte Estate in monthly (3.7\u2009mm in February and 7.4\u2009mm in October), seasonal (6.9\u2009mm in the 2ndintermonsoon), and annual (3\u2009mm annually) scales. However, the analysis records one decreasing rainfall trend to Kandekatiya (8.1\u2009mm in December) only in monthly scale. Nevertheless, it was found that the graphical method can be easily used in qualitative analysis, while discrete wavelet transformations are efficient in identifying the rainfall patterns effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7146593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T18:05:06Z","timestamp":1603303506000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparison of Statistical, Graphical, and Wavelet Transform Analyses for Rainfall Trends and Patterns in Badulu Oya Catchment, Sri Lanka"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Ashika M.","family":"Ruwangika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6792-4214","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anushka","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7341-9078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Upaka","family":"Rathnayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cli2040329"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/jcli-d-18-0102.1"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1827"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9523.2006.00303.x"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0964056032000138472"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6847"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-015-2636-8"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2001)029<1071:ccfiae>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139601"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.103070"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22498\/pages.8.1.12"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00949655.2019.1677659"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9753279"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/579437"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6206238"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6364040"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41324-019-00250-8"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2019.105097"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6211"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wea.3231"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.08.027"},{"key":"22","first-page":"493","article-title":"Evaluation of rainfall trends in the South Island of New Zealand through the innovative trend analysis (ITA)","volume-title":"Theoretical and Applied Climatology2019","author":"T. Caloiero"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6405"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8603586"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.104673","article-title":"Innovative trend analysis of annual and seasonal rainfall in the Yangtze River Delta, eastern China","volume-title":"Atmospheric Research2020","author":"Y. Wang"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4866"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.07.030"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.04.004"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2283"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2006.04.043"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e11041123"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42811-9"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2018.12.005"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/jcli-d-13-00400.1"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-012-0269-3"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-015-0065-2"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-017-1442-5"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-010-9608-x"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2003.11.009"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/sljp.v6i0.197"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3636158"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09715010.2018.1485516"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-015-1492-0"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2009.07.003"},{"key":"45","first-page":"48","article-title":"Ancient rock quarries in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka","volume":"4","author":"T. Wagalawatta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal for Ancient Studies"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/jnsfsr.v46i1.8265"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-1085(19981030)12:13\/14<2015::aid-hyp716>3.0.co;2-3"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-019-02960-3"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124674"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-019-03080-8"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-020-03137-z"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2020.04.006"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wcc.2018.060"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00904.x"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/431860"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2014.968573"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1861-6_8","article-title":"Trend and homogeneity in subsurface hydrologic variables: case study in a hard-rock aquifer of western india","volume-title":"Hydrologic Time Series Analysis: Theory and Practice","author":"D. Machiwal","year":"2012"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3741\/jkwra.2013.46.3.219"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4217917"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asl.932"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187"},{"volume-title":"Rank Correlation Methods","year":"1975","author":"M. G. Kendall","key":"62"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/wr020i006p00727"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4042"},{"key":"65","unstructured":"SneyersR.On the Statistical Analysis of Series of Observations1990Geneva, SwitzerlandWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO)192Technical Note 143, WMO-No. 415"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-013-0395-7"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000556"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2017.1371849"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/s1110757x0430611x"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1579415"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w8030077"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.09.049"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.06.031"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2013.800944"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001725"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology5030050"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w8050197"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/910196"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3148257"}],"container-title":["Complexity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2020\/7146593.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2020\/7146593.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2020\/7146593.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T18:05:11Z","timestamp":1603303511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2020\/7146593\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Shamsuddin","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["7146593","7146593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/7146593","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-0526","1076-2787"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-0526"},{"type":"print","value":"1076-2787"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]}}}