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The no-boarding and holding strategies emerge from the actions of <jats:italic>stay<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>leave<\/jats:italic> when a bus is at a bus stop and everyone who wishes to alight has done so. A reward that encourages the buses to strive towards a staggered phase difference amongst them whilst picking up passengers allows the reinforcement learning process to converge to an optimal Q-table within a reasonable amount of simulation time. It is remarkable that this emergent behaviour of intelligent buses turns out to minimise the average waiting time of commuters, in various setups where buses move with the same speed or different speeds, during busy as well as lull periods. Cooperative actions are also observed, e.g., the buses learn to <jats:italic>unbunch<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7274254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T23:37:54Z","timestamp":1598485074000},"page":"1-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intelligent Buses in a Loop Service: Emergence of <i>No-Boarding<\/i> and <i>Holding<\/i> Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3621-3799","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vee-Liem","family":"Saw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"},{"name":"Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Centre, Block N4 #02a-32, Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5216-7975","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luca","family":"Vismara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"},{"name":"Complexity Institute, Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, 61 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1366-8205","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lock Yue","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 21 Nanyang Link, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"},{"name":"Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Research Centre, Block N4 #02a-32, Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"},{"name":"Complexity Institute, 61 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological 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