{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:11:03Z","timestamp":1791576663766,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587427200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Obstetrics and Gynecology International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, which affects women of all ages. With numerous controversies as regards to the nomenclature, diagnosis and its association with neoplastic conditions, we decided to conduct a scoping review on this subject.<jats:italic>Data Source<\/jats:italic>. A review protocol was developed, and the Knowledge Resource Services website was used to do a search of articles pertaining to VLS with keywords \u201cVulvar,\u201d \u201cVulval,\u201d \u201cdiagnosis,\u201d \u201clichen sclerosus et atrophicus,\u201d \u201ckraurosis,\u201d \u201cvulvar dystrophy,\u201d and \u201cLichen Sclerosus\u201d.<jats:italic>Study Selection<\/jats:italic>. The search was limited to published data from the last ten years, i.e., from July 2009 onwards and in the English language. A total of 338 articles pertaining to VLS were obtained. Older data were accessed if particular information was sought for.<jats:italic>Results &amp; Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The presentation is bimodal, i.e., one in prepubertal girls (average age: 7.6 years) and the other in peri- and postmenopausal women (average age: 52.6 years). However, many cases also present during reproductive years. Studies suggest a multifactorial origin as far as etiology is concerned, including a genetic, autoimmune, hormonal, and local infectious background. It affects the genital labial, perineal, and perianal areas and manifests as a patchy, thin, glistening, ivory-white area. Diagnosis is mainly based on clinical features. Biopsy is seldom required. It has been well established as a precursor lesion of dVIN and vulvar carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7480754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T23:31:50Z","timestamp":1587511910000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Etiology, Clinical Features, and Diagnosis of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4141-8441","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nilanchali","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prafull","family":"Ghatage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 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