{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T03:49:38Z","timestamp":1788580178109,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":194,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"Higher Education Commission, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106-2401-BM6-161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106-2401-BM6-161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Ethnopharmacological Relevance<\/jats:italic>. Natural products, like Flaxseed (<jats:italic>Linum usitatissimum<\/jats:italic>), have traditionally been used in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is known to contain multiple constituents which may account for its effectiveness, as IBD is a multifaceted disease. <jats:italic>Aim of the Study<\/jats:italic>. In the current study, we aimed to assess pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Flaxseed in IBD. <jats:italic>Materials and Methods<\/jats:italic>. Aqueous\u2010methanolic crude extracts of Flaxseed (Fs.Cr) and Flaxseed oil were tested against 6% acetic acid\u2010 (AA\u2010) induced colitis in BALB\/c mice. Microscopic damage parameters of the hematoxylin and eosin\u2010stained and periodic acid\u2010Schiff\u2010alcian blue\u2010stained sections of the colon were scored to be assessed. Possible antispasmodic mechanism was studied on isolated rabbit jejunum, while antibacterial activity was assessed <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> for microbes implicated in IBD. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. In AA\u2010induced colitis, Flaxseed oil was found to be more effective in reducing mortality and colonic ulcers than Fs.Cr at 500\u2009mg\/kg dose. Fs.Cr was more efficacious in increasing mucin content as compared to oil, exhibiting slightly greater anti\u2010inflammatory effect (50% vs 35%) and reducing depth of lesion (55% vs 42.31%, respectively). Antispasmodic activity of Fs.Cr (0.03 and 0.1\u2009mg\/ml) was mediated by phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEI, possibly PDE\u20104 subtype) with a resultant increase in cAMP levels. Flaxseed oil PDEI activity was mild (1 and 3\u2009mg\/ml). Fs.Cr (0.1 and 0.3\u2009mg\/ml) was potent in exhibiting anticholinergic activity, similar to dicyclomine, whereas Flaxseed oil showed anticholinergic effect at 1 and 3\u2009mg\/ml. Flaxseed oil (9 and 14\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/ml) was bactericidal against enteropathogenic <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic> (EPEC), enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic> (ETEC), and enteroaggregative <jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic> (EAEC), whereas Fs.Cr exhibited bactericidal effect against EPEC at 100\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/ml. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. Results of this study, taken together with previous studies, suggest that Flaxseed possesses anti\u2010inflammatory, antibacterial, and antispasmodic action through multiple pathways and thus offers promising potential to be developed for IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7974835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T23:46:28Z","timestamp":1594683988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Multiple Mechanisms of Flaxseed: Effectiveness in Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7296-4074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber Hanif","family":"Palla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6477-2227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anwar-ul-Hassan","family":"Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6972-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samra","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najeeb","family":"Ur Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i36.4504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420040463"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.04.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9673(98)00906-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.03.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(91)90331-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1573(200009)14:6<436::AID-PTR620>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","first-page":"137","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome treatment using pinaverium bromide as a calcium channel blocker. 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