{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:37:29Z","timestamp":1762868249146,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596844800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ukrainian government","award":["0120U100674","1\/0268\/19","APVV-15-0055","APVV-18-0214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0120U100674","1\/0268\/19","APVV-15-0055","APVV-18-0214"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of Slovakia","award":["0120U100674","1\/0268\/19","APVV-15-0055","APVV-18-0214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0120U100674","1\/0268\/19","APVV-15-0055","APVV-18-0214"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0120U100674","1\/0268\/19","APVV-15-0055","APVV-18-0214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0120U100674","1\/0268\/19","APVV-15-0055","APVV-18-0214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0120U100674","1\/0268\/19","APVV-15-0055","APVV-18-0214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0120U100674","1\/0268\/19","APVV-15-0055","APVV-18-0214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cognitive radio (CR) technology offers the possibility of an increase in spectrum utilization efficiency to resolve the prevalent spectrum scarcity problem. The economic survival of secondary spectrum markets (SSMs) is heavily dependent on the sharing of both the licensed spectrum and spectrum infrastructure by primary licensed operators (PLOs). In this research, an automated pricing model using a blockchain token called the spectrum dollar has been implemented for secondary radio spectrum trade. The use of spectrum dollars enables noncash-based secondary spectrum trade among PLOs based on a floor-and-trade rule. The pricing of spectrum dollars and the associated revenue shares are based on the underlying secondary spectrum trading behaviours of PLOs. PLOs that do not contribute enough secondary spectra to the SSM (to satisfy demand) suffer a loss proportional to the difference between their earned revenues and the specified floor value in the SSM. The secondary spectrum trade is assumed to be centrally managed by a spectrum broker, which announces the floor value for each bidding period while ensuring nonnegative revenue for the market itself. The use of the spectrum dollar along with the floor-and-trade methodology eliminates the possibilities for economic malpractice by PLOs that could increase spectrum reuse costs. In addition, the floor value provides automatic regulatory control to ensure the economic viability and prevent the technological hijacking of future SSMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7975393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T23:31:36Z","timestamp":1596929496000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Blockchain Token-Based Trading Model for Secondary Spectrum Markets in Future Generation Mobile Networks"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6938-5525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mubbashar A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro NC 27401, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1837-6546","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohsin M.","family":"Jamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering at the University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2739-9862","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taras","family":"Maksymyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7334-9540","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juraj","family":"Gazda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers and Informatics, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 042 00, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3","first-page":"227","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science and Communication"},{"year":"2012","key":"4"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.05.001"},{"year":"2009","key":"9"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2012.07.006"},{"year":"2013","key":"11"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2013-261"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03841-9_18"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2019.102007"},{"year":"2012","key":"15"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2017.08.006"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2018.06.004"},{"issue":"8","key":"18","volume":"29","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-016-0577-5"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-016-0536-1"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155074"},{"issue":"11","key":"22","first-page":"478","volume":"16","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2011.110417","volume":"29","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2008.080116"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-008-0081-1"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.220"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/620972"},{"issue":"4","key":"28","first-page":"879","volume":"52","year":"2008","journal-title":"The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MTAP.0000026839.31028.9f"},{"issue":"3","key":"30","first-page":"8","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Health& Medical Informatics"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.09.074"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2017.3051335"},{"year":"2016","key":"33"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2019.2914052"},{"issue":"1","key":"35","first-page":"451","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2992385"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900188"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.07.008"},{"year":"2015","key":"40"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.03.024"}],"container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2020\/7975393.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2020\/7975393.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2020\/7975393.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T23:31:50Z","timestamp":1596929510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2020\/7975393\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["7975393","7975393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/7975393","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1530-8669"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1530-8677"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]]}}}