{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T15:09:42Z","timestamp":1746803382099,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002611","name":"University of Seoul","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002611","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The characteristics of an earthquake can be derived by estimating the source geometries of the earthquake using parameter inversion that minimizes the L2 norm of residuals between the measured and the synthetic displacement calculated from a dislocation model. Estimating source geometries in a dislocation model has been regarded as solving a nonlinear inverse problem. To avoid local minima and describe uncertainties, the Monte-Carlo restarts are often used to solve the problem, assuming the initial parameter search space provided by seismological studies. Since search space size significantly affects the accuracy and execution time of this procedure, faulty initial search space from seismological studies may adversely affect the accuracy of the results and the computation time. Besides, many source parameters describing physical faults lead to bad data visualization. In this paper, we propose a new machine learning-based search space reduction algorithm to overcome these challenges. This paper assumes a rectangular dislocation model, i.e., the Okada model, to calculate the surface deformation mathematically. As for the geodetic measurement of three-dimensional (3D) surface deformation, we used the stacking interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and the multiple-aperture SAR interferometry (MAI). We define a wide initial search space and perform the Monte-Carlo restarts to collect the data points with root-mean-square error (RMSE) between measured and modeled displacement. Then, the principal component analysis (PCA) and the<jats:inline-formula><a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><a:mi>k<\/a:mi><\/a:math><\/jats:inline-formula>-means clustering are used to project data points with low RMSE in the 2D latent space preserving the variance of original data as much as possible and extract<jats:inline-formula><c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><c:mi>k<\/c:mi><\/c:math><\/jats:inline-formula>clusters of data with similar locations and RMSE to each other. Finally, we reduce the parameter search space using the cluster with the lowest mean RMSE. The evaluation results illustrate that our approach achieves 55.1~98.1% reductions in search space size and 60~80.5% reductions in 95% confidence interval size for all source parameters compared with the conventional method. It was also observed that the reduced search space significantly saves the computational burden of solving the nonlinear least square problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8826634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T23:31:50Z","timestamp":1599521510000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Search Space Reduction for Determination of Earthquake Source Parameters Using PCA and<a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><a:mi>k<\/a:mi><\/a:math>-Means Clustering"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Seongjae","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Information Engineering and Department of Smart Cities, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0373-1039","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taehyoun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Information Engineering and Department of Smart Cities, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2013.2248301"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-6142(02)80240-6","article-title":"Estimating earthquake source parameters from geodetic measurements","volume-title":"International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology","author":"K. 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