{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T19:46:04Z","timestamp":1765827964356,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606867200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. Data on the coinfection of malaria and COVID-19 is highly limited especially in Africa due to the novel nature of the pandemic COVID-19. Malaria and COVID-19 share striking similarities in their symptoms. A cross-sectional randomized study was conducted to investigate the role of sex in the coinfection of malaria and COVID-19 as well as some associated factors in Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods. Ethical approval was obtained from the Rivers State Health and Ethics Committee before the commencement of this study, and the study was conducted at the COVID-19 Treatment Center Medical Laboratory, Rivers State, Nigeria. Intravenous blood samples from three hundred randomly selected consenting study participants were examined for Plasmodium species using Giemsa microscopy, while pretested questionnaires were used to obtain data on sex, risk factors, and symptoms. All data generated were analyzed statistically using the Chi-square test with a <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>P<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.05<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> value considered significant. Results. All study participants had Plasmodium species (100% prevalence) with varying parasite loads, and P. falciparum was the only species observed. Study participants (irrespective of sex) with low and high parasitaemia had the highest and least prevalence, respectively (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>P<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>&gt;<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.05<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Male study participants experienced more symptoms than females (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>P<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>&gt;<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.05<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) except for sore throat which had an equal value among males and females. Travel history was the only risk factor that showed significant association with sex, and males had a higher value than females (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>P<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>&lt;<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.05<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Conclusion. Malaria and COVID-19 are major public health issues in Nigeria; more researches on these diseases especially in epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine production are vital.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8829848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T19:27:11Z","timestamp":1607455631000},"page":"1-4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Role of Sex in Malaria-COVID19 Coinfection and Some Associated Factors in Rivers State, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"E. O.","family":"Onosakponome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4189-0826","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. N.","family":"Wogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","article-title":"CDC. Parasites\u2013Malaria"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.005"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9"},{"article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Latest updates on the COVID-19 crises from Africa CDC","year":"2020","author":"C. D. C. Africa","key":"5"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008570"},{"key":"7","volume-title":"District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries","author":"M. Cheesbrough","year":"2010","edition":"2nd Edition"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3954717"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-9088.1000203"},{"issue":"11","key":"10","first-page":"188","article-title":"Prevalence of the malaria parasite in screened blood in a tertiary health centre in the malaria \u2013 endemic Niger\u2013Delta region of Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"K. Pondei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Advance Research Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008520"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601896"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.supp.2020.37.1.25738"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2020\/8829848.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2020\/8829848.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2020\/8829848.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T19:27:13Z","timestamp":1607455633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2020\/8829848\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"L\u00f3pez-Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"references-count":13,"alternative-id":["8829848","8829848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8829848","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0031","2090-0023"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2090-0031"},{"type":"print","value":"2090-0023"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]}}}