{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:09:01Z","timestamp":1791065341064,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Schistosomiasis is caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Africa. These schistosome parasites use freshwater snail intermediate hosts to complete their lifecycle. Varied prevalence rates of these parasites in the snail intermediate hosts were reported from several African countries, but there were no summarized data for policymakers. Therefore, this study was aimed to systematically summarize the prevalence and geographical distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    among freshwater snails in Africa.\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Literature search was carried out from PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus which reported the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    among freshwater snails in Africa. The pooled prevalence was determined using a random-effect model, while heterogeneities between studies were evaluated by\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    test. The meta-analyses were conducted using Stata software, metan command.\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A total of 273,643 snails were examined for the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    cercaria in the eligible studies. The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria among freshwater snails was 5.5% (95% CI: 4.9\u20136.1%). The pooled prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    cercaria was 5.6% (95% CI: 4.9\u20136.3%) and 5.2% (95% CI: 4.6\u20135.7%), respectively. The highest pooled prevalence was observed from Nigeria (19.0%; 95% CI: 12.7\u201325.3%), while the lowest prevalence was reported from Chad (0.05%; 95% CI: 0.03\u20130.13). Higher prevalence of schistosome cercaria was observed from\n                    <jats:italic>Bulinus globosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (12.3%; 95% CI: 6.2\u201318.3%) followed by\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria sudanica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (6.7%; 95% CI: 4.5\u20139.0%) and\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (5.1%; 95% CI: 4.1\u20136.2%). The pooled prevalence of schistosome cercaria obtained using PCR was 26.7% in contrast to 4.5% obtained by shedding cercariae.\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study revealed that nearly 6% of freshwater snails in Africa were infected by either\n                    <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The high prevalence of schistosomes among freshwater snails highlights the importance of appropriate snail control strategies in Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8850840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T19:32:58Z","timestamp":1599507178000},"page":"1-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Prevalence of\n                    <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>S. haematobium<\/i>\n                    in Snail Intermediate Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7324-2997","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tamirat","family":"Hailegebriel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, 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