{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:29:07Z","timestamp":1774949347033,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dementia is an ominous neurological disease. Scientists proposed a link between its occurrence and the presence of<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>T. gondii)<\/jats:italic>. The long-term sequels of anti-<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>premunition, chiefly dominated by TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, on the neurons and their receptors as the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), which is tangled in cognition and synaptic plasticity, are still not clear. IGF-1R mediates its action via IGF-1, and its depletion is incorporated in the pathogenesis of dementia. The activated TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>signaling pathway induces NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba\u03b2<\/jats:italic>that may induce or inhibit neurogenesis. This study speculates the potential impact of anti-<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>immune response on the expression of IGF-1R in chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis. The distributive pattern of<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>cysts was studied in association with TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>serum levels, the in situ expression of NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, and IGF-1R in mice using the low virulent ME-49<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>strain. There was an elevation of the TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>serum level (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math>value \u2264 0.004) and significant upsurge in NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba\u03b2<\/jats:italic>whereas IGF-1R was of low abundance (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math>value &lt; 0.05) compared to the controls. TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>had a strong positive correlation with the intracerebral expression of NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba\u03b2<\/jats:italic>(<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math>value \u2248 0.943,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math>value \u2248 0.005) and a strong negative correlation to IGF-1R (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math>value -0.584 and -0.725 for area% and O.D., respectively). This activated TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\/NF-<jats:italic>\u03ba\u03b2<\/jats:italic>keeps<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>under control at the expense of IGF-1R expression, depriving neurons of the effect of IGF-1, the receptor\u2019s ligand. We therefore deduce that<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>immunopathological reaction may be a road paver for developing dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8859857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:42:03Z","timestamp":1596156123000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Can<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>Pave the Road for Dementia?"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Enas A.","family":"El Saftawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt"},{"name":"Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noha M.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rania M.","family":"Sabry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"El-Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt"},{"name":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rania Y.","family":"Shash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman H.","family":"Elsebaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-2428","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rita M.","family":"Wassef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.12.016"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606210"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5167"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000237"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.01.016"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e3181f73bc2"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890330403"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00302"},{"issue":"7","key":"10","first-page":"1987","volume":"19","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention"},{"key":"11","volume":"21","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Abstracts"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13151"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.01012"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoz032"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.12.016"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14744\/ijmb.2019.47965"},{"key":"17","first-page":"S65","volume-title":"Toxoplasma infection of the CNS","volume":"17","year":"2005"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028925"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2004.03.015"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.042"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.8.4574"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.2.1069"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.04.018"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2287"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.5.1979-1983.1992"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.11.010"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.3.1211"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.13.6.3301"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg139"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.45.29411"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/smim.2000.0210"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.12.040194.001041"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.07.007"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.068"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a000182"},{"issue":"s1","key":"36","first-page":"143","volume":"196","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.08.010"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608448114"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425912440296"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb01101.x"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800042"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400528"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.4248"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-9-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.2.590","volume":"163","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1588507"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0350-3"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205483"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00808-19"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.544718"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00683"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13084"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109893"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.11.4925-4931.1992"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00037"},{"issue":"22","key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)51620-3","volume":"264","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1988.tb08393.x"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/414799a"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.02.042"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90173-O"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1202-793"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0491(98)10163-3"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.03772"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000076690"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.12.004"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8313-6"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156720509788486527"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-132043"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.014"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061812"},{"key":"71","year":"2017"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.12.12.988"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-447-6_5"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632015584733"},{"issue":"8","key":"75","first-page":"391","volume":"44","year":"2003","journal-title":"Singapore Medical Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"76","first-page":"498","volume":"44","year":"2003","journal-title":"Singapore Medical Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"77","first-page":"614","volume":"44","year":"2003","journal-title":"Singapore Medical Journal"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.317"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.06.015"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090825"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/EuJMI.1.2011.1.3"},{"issue":"2","key":"82","first-page":"182","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314455"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80172-7"},{"issue":"10","key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.10.3438","volume":"145","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00535321"},{"issue":"4","key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.4.1903","volume":"159","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1462399411002018"},{"issue":"1","key":"89","first-page":"33","volume":"69","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.12.6172"},{"issue":"2","key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.2.798","volume":"157","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-015-0712-y"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00201-7"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0b013e3182790dbd"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.489"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8430123"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/54.7.M357"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020568013953"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02815005"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C2RA21852F"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01805"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12143"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0350-3"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.11.030"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2019.01191"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.12.005"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1571319"},{"key":"108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343833"},{"key":"109","volume":"136, article a16047","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5075-5"},{"key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500187102"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2010.177"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2020\/8859857.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2020\/8859857.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2020\/8859857.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T03:08:58Z","timestamp":1696475338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2020\/8859857\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["8859857","8859857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8859857","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0023","2090-0031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]}}}