{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:57:36Z","timestamp":1790420256528,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594080000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"abstract":"\n Malaria is a deadly disease caused by a protozoan parasite whose mode of transmission is through a female Anopheles mosquito. It affects persons of all ages; however, pregnant mothers, young children, and the elderly suffer the most due to their dwindled immune state. The currently prescribed antimalarial drugs have been associated with adverse side effects ranging from intolerance to toxicity. Furthermore, the costs associated with conventional approach of managing malaria are arguably high especially for persons living in low-income countries, hence the need for alternative and complementary approaches. Medicinal plants offer a viable alternative because of their few associated side effects, are arguably cheaper, and are easily accessible. Based on the fact that studies involving antimalarial medicinal plants as potential sources of efficacious and cost-effective pharmacotherapies are far between, this research was designed to investigate antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of organic and aqueous extracts of selected plants used by Embu traditional medicine practitioners to treat malaria. The studied plants included\n Erythrina abyssinica<\/jats:italic>\n (stem bark),\n Schkuhria pinnata<\/jats:italic>\n (whole plant),\n Sterculia africana<\/jats:italic>\n (stem bark),\n Terminalia brownii<\/jats:italic>\n (leaves),\n Zanthoxylum chalybeum<\/jats:italic>\n (leaves),\n Leonotis mollissima<\/jats:italic>\n (leaves),\n Carissa edulis<\/jats:italic>\n (leaves),\n Tithonia diversifolia<\/jats:italic>\n (leaves and flowers), and\n Senna didymobotrya<\/jats:italic>\n (leaves and pods).\n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n antiplasmodial activity studies of organic and water extracts were carried out against chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine-resistance (W2) strains of\n Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n .\n In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n antiplasmodial studies were done by Peter\u2019s four-day suppression test to test for their\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n antimalarial activity against\n P. berghei<\/jats:italic>\n . Finally, cytotoxic effects and safety of the studied plant extracts were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) rapid calorimetric assay technique. The water and methanolic extracts of\n T. brownii<\/jats:italic>\n and\n S. africana<\/jats:italic>\n and dichloromethane extracts of\n E. abyssinica<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n S. pinnata<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n T. diversifolia<\/jats:italic>\n leaves revealed high\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n antiplasmodial activities (\n \n I<\/mml:mtext>\n \n \n C<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 50<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \u2264<\/mml:mo>\n 10<\/mml:mn>\n \u2009<\/mml:mtext>\n \u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n g<\/mml:mtext>\n \/<\/mml:mo>\n ml<\/mml:mtext>\n <\/mml:math>\n ). Further, moderate\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n antimalarial activities were observed for water and methanolic extracts of\n L. mollissima<\/jats:italic>\n and\n S. africana<\/jats:italic>\n and for dichloromethane extracts of\n E. abyssinica<\/jats:italic>\n and\n T. diversifolia<\/jats:italic>\n leaves. In this study, aqueous extracts of\n T. brownii<\/jats:italic>\n and\n S. africana<\/jats:italic>\n demonstrated high antiplasmodial activity and high selectivity indices values (\n \n SI<\/mml:mtext>\n \u2265<\/mml:mo>\n 10<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ) and were found to be safe. It was concluded that\n T. brownii<\/jats:italic>\n and\n S. africana<\/jats:italic>\n aqueous extracts were potent antiplasmodial agents. Further focused studies geared towards isolation of active constituents and determination of\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n toxicities to ascertain their safety are warranted.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8871375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T19:31:02Z","timestamp":1594150262000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Malaria in Embu County, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1692-596X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bibianne","family":"Waiganjo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 342-01000 Thika, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5604-9987","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gervason","family":"Moriasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 342-01000 Thika, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Onyancha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 342-01000 Thika, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8433-1477","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nelson","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 342-01000 Thika, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Muregi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 342-01000 Thika, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70706-6"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.03.040"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.10658.1"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.01.002"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.95849"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajhr.20140202.13"},{"key":"8","first-page":"851","volume":"12","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ethnobotanical Leaflets"},{"issue":"17","key":"9","first-page":"4287","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants Research"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2019.1656753"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3887571"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v4i1.31193"},{"issue":"1","key":"13","first-page":"183","volume":"25","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1439"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/biy-1203-62"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtusci.2017.01.008"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2001.11813614"},{"key":"19","first-page":"23","volume":"2","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.12.043"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2004.08.050"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.04.011"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2011005000134"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1368322"},{"issue":"5, article 245633","key":"26","volume":"1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jurnal Medika Planta"},{"issue":"1","key":"28","first-page":"34","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Herbal Medicine"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2010000400002"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/bjpr\/2014\/6528"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2650090708"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.01.023"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.05.024"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.04.018"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.02.011"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00395-6"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/jmpr2014.5497"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/ejmp\/2014\/5766"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.03.024"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S37324"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2020\/8871375.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2020\/8871375.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2020\/8871375.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T19:31:05Z","timestamp":1594150265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2020\/8871375\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["8871375","8871375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8871375","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0023","2090-0031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]}}}