{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T01:45:21Z","timestamp":1768009521271,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]],"date-time":"2020-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604707200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Cardiology","award":["5038\/B\/P01\/2011\/40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5038\/B\/P01\/2011\/40"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science","award":["5038\/B\/P01\/2011\/40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5038\/B\/P01\/2011\/40"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disease Markers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Heart failure patients presenting with iron deficiency can benefit from systemic iron supplementation; however, there is the potential for iron overload to occur, which can seriously damage the heart. Therefore, myocardial iron (M-Iron) content should be precisely balanced, especially in already failing hearts. Unfortunately, the assessment of M-Iron via repeated heart biopsies or magnetic resonance imaging is unrealistic, and alternative serum markers must be found. This study is aimed at assessing M-Iron in patients with advanced heart failure (HF) and its association with a range of serum markers of iron metabolism. Methods. Left ventricle (LV) myocardial biopsies and serum samples were collected from 33 consecutive HF patients (25 males) with LV dysfunction (LV ejection fraction 22 (11) %; NT-proBNP 5464 (3308) pg\/ml) during heart transplantation. Myocardial ferritin (M-FR) and soluble transferrin receptor (M-sTfR1) were assessed by ELISA, and M-Iron was determined by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis in LV biopsies. Nonfailing hearts (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>n<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>11<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) were used as control\/reference tissue. Concentrations of serum iron-related proteins (FR and sTfR1) were assessed. Results. LV M-Iron load was reduced in all HF patients and negatively associated with M-FR (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>r<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mo>\u2212<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.37<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>p<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>=<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.05<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Of the serum markers, sTfR1\/logFR correlated with (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>r<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>=<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mo>\u2212<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.42<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>; <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mi>p<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mo>=<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.04<\/i:mn>\n                     <\/i:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) and predicted (in a step-wise analysis, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:msup>\n                           <k:mrow>\n                              <k:mi>R<\/k:mi>\n                           <\/k:mrow>\n                           <k:mrow>\n                              <k:mn>2<\/k:mn>\n                           <\/k:mrow>\n                        <\/k:msup>\n                        <k:mo>=<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>0.18<\/k:mn>\n                     <\/k:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>; <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <m:mi>p<\/m:mi>\n                        <m:mo>=<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>0.04<\/m:mn>\n                     <\/m:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) LV M-Iron. LV M-Iron load (\u03bcg\/g) can be calculated using the following formula: <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <o:math xmlns:o=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                        <o:mn>210.24<\/o:mn>\n                        <o:mo>\u2013<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mn>22.869<\/o:mn>\n                        <o:mo>\u00d7<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mtext>sTfR<\/o:mtext>\n                        <o:mn>1<\/o:mn>\n                        <o:mo>\/<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mtext>logFR<\/o:mtext>\n                     <\/o:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>. Conclusions. The sTfR1\/logFR ratio can be used to predict LV M-Iron levels. Therefore, serum FR and sTfR1 levels could be used to indirectly assess LV M-Iron, thereby increasing the safety of iron repletion therapy in HF patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8885189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T20:35:10Z","timestamp":1604954110000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Accurate Noninvasive Assessment of Myocardial Iron Load in Advanced Heart Failure Patients"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4529-2687","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Leszek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warszawa, Alpejska 42, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Sochanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, ul. Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Brz\u00f3ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, ul. Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leszek","family":"Kraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Oncology and Internal Diseases, The Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Ku\u015bmierczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warszawa, Alpejska 42, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Witold","family":"\u015amigielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warszawa, Alpejska 42, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz M.","family":"Rywik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warszawa, Alpejska 42, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Sobieszcza\u0144ska-Ma\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warszawa, Alpejska 42, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Rozentryt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Silesian Centre for Heart Disease, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze Marii Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 9, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Health Protection, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Piekarska 18, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Kruszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, ul. Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warszawa, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, ul. Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs224"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.04.110"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908355"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft099"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu385"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.11.178"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2010.05.009"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.03.083"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18132"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm920"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2003.08.004"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.08.006"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.01.006"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.01.059"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw333"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.017"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00463.2008"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.08.036"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.103366"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.08.034"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2009.064451"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01490506"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450800679X"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2015.05.008"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(96)06488-1"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2016.03.002"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365599.2011.584694"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2014.118521"},{"issue":"3","key":"30","first-page":"345","article-title":"Soluble transferrin receptors and iron deficiency, a step beyond ferritin. 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